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Labor and Creation (Trud i tvorchestvo ) (Smolensk Proletkult journal), 132

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― 300 ―

Laboratory method, 128

Lebedev-Polianskii, Pavel, 4 , 10 , 39 , 67 ;

and class purity, 106 -7;

and composition of Proletkult, 64 ;

early career of, 107 -8;

and first national conference, 45 , 46 , 49 ;

in Geneva, 10 ;

mobilization of, 55 ;

at national plenum (1920), 206 ;

and organization of Proletkult, 26 , 42 -43;

and Petrograd Proletkult, 119 ;

in Proletarian Culture , 110 ;

on proletarian culture, 160 ;

and Proletkult's mission, 43 ;

on provincial journals, 136 ;

resigns from Proletkult, 206 ;

and role of clubs, 176 ;

and role of intellectuals, 96 ;

on working-class art, 137 -38

Left Bolsheviks, 4 , 6 , 7 , 10 . See also Vpered (Forward) circle.

Léger, Fernand, 150

Lena (Pletnev), 142 , 240

Lenin: assassination attempt on, 46 ;

attacks Pletnev, 224 -25;

on culture, xvi , 199 , 225 -26, 245 ;

and legal status of Proletkult, 201 ;

materialism of, 4 ;

methods of party organization by, 4 ;

opposes Bogdanov, xxiii , 193 ;

opposes Proletkult, 130 , 196 , 198 -99, 201 -2, 224 -25, 232

Leningrad Proletkult, 244 ;

musical productions of, 242 .

See also Petrograd Proletkult

Lenin State Sugar Factory Proletkult (Kursk province), 53 ;

literacy classes at, 82

Lie, Vladislava, 109

Life of the Arts (Zhizn' iskusstv ) (Kologriv Proletkult journal), 132 , 135

Ligovskii People's House, 14

Literature: experimental, 147 -48;

Proletkult sponsorship of, 242 ;

themes in, 135 -36, 138 , 141 -42

Liubimov, Grigorii, 113 , 133

Local Proletkults, 51 -59;

composition of, 74 ;

leadership of, 94

Loiter, Naum, 241

Lower classes: leadership in Proletkult, 97 -105

Lukino Proletkult (Tver province), 87

Lunacharskii, Anatolii, xvii , 4 , 25 , 36 ;

and autonomy of Proletkuh, 59 ;

breaks with Gorky, 7 ;

as Commissar of Enlightenment, 205 ;

in compromises with Narkompros, 197 ;

and demise of Proletkult, 226 ;

disgrace of, 246 ;

on importance of art, 19 ;

and international Proletkult, 200 ;

in organization of Proletkult, 28 , 29 , 30 , 253 ;

in Paris, 10 ;

at Proletkult National Congress (October 1920), 156 -57, 200 ;

vision of Proletkult movement, 31

Mach, Ernst, 5

Maiskii, Ivan, 23 -24

Mandelbaum, B. D., 29

Marx, Karl, on proletarian class rule, 8

Marxism, in people's schools, 14

Marxists, Russian, 63

Marxist theory, reinterpretation of by left Bolsheviks, 4

Mashirov, Aleksei. See Samo-bytnik-Mashirov, Aleksei

Materialism and Empiriocriticism (Lenin), 7 , 200

Metalworkers, during Civil War, 71 , 72

― 301 ―

Metalworkers' Union, 71 -72, 194

Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 149 , 240

Mgebrov, Aleksandr, 88 , 103 , 112 , 113 ;

and collective readings, 148

Ministry of Education, 22

Moscow, as center of Proletkult, activity, 45

Moscow Metalworkers' Union, 72

Moscow Proletarian University, 165

Moscow Proletkult, 54 ;

and anniversary of revolution, 129 ;

art studio of, 114 -15;

and factory clubs, 187 ;

founding of, 40 -41;

literary studios of, 135 ;

music studio of, 113 -14, 134 , 242 ;

theater of, 85 , 103 ;

traveling studio of, 142 -43

Moscow Proletkult Conference (1918), 185

Moscow Province Proletkult, 83

Music: experimental, 123 , 147 ;

Proletkult sponsorship of, 242 .

See also Studios

Music collectives, 143

Narkompros, 33 -36;

and closing of Kologriv Proletkult, 82 ;

and clubs, 185 ;

in conflicts with Proletkult, 40 -41, 43 , 47 , 56 -57, 59 , 200 -213;

and founding of Proletkult branches, 53 ;

funding of, 209 ;

reorganization of, 208 ;

support of Proletkult by, 89 , 218 -19

National Congress (1921), 105 , 214 ;

delegates to, 77

National Congress (October 1920), 156 -57, 201 ;

guidelines on art from, 157

National Founding Conference (1918), 88 , 96 , 98. See also Proletkult, founding of

Nazarov, Georgii, 103 -4;

elected to national governing council, 102

Nechaev, Egor, 18

Nevskii, V. A., 74

Nevskii, V. I., 168 ;

attacks Bogdanov, 200

New Economic Policy, xviii , 228 ;

and decline of Proletkult, 211 , 215 ;

denunciation of, 214 ;

end of, 245 ;

and proletarian culture, 229

New Journal for Everyone (Novyi zhurnal dlia vsekh ), 14

New Life (Novaia zhizn' ) (newspaper), 25 , 27

Nihilism, cultural, 130

Nikitin, I. I., 26

Nikolaitsev, Valentin, 109

Novikov, S., 169

October Revolution, xviii ;

and cultural activities, 33 .

See also Russian Revolution

Omsk Proletkult, 219

On Guard (Na postu ) (VAPP journal), 231 -32

"On the Ideological Front" (Pletnev), 222 -23

"On the Proletkults" (Pravda article), 203 -4

Ozolin, Ianis, 114 , 141

Ozol-Prednek, Karl, 40 , 98

Palace of Proletarian Culture (Petrograd), 44 , 129

Panina, Countess, 14 , 22 , 99 , 100

Paper, scarcity of, 126

Parfenev Proletkult (Kostroma province), 66 , 128

Peasants, 62 , 64 , 65 , 195 , 209 ;

in factory organizations, 82 ;

― 302 ―

Peasants (continued )

February Revolution, 21 ;

in Proletkult, 79 -84, 235 ;

as soldiers, 83 ;

views of Bogdanov on, 64 -65, 79 -80;

views of Bolsheviks on, 63

People's Commissariat of Enlightenment. See Narkompros

People's Conservatory (Moscow), 13

People's houses (narodnye doma ), 13 -16, 100 ;

in World War I, 20

People's theaters, 13 , 132

People's universities, 3 , 12 , 164 , 170

Petrograd: assault on, xv ;

food shortages in, xv

Petrograd Proletkult, 88 , 109 , 129 , 141 ;

autonomy of, 36 ;

club division of; 186 ;

intellectuals in, 118 ;

size of, 68 ;

Socialist Education Division of, 171 ;

theater of, xv , 51 , 112 -13, 114 .

See also Leningrad Proletkult

Pinegina, L. A., xxii

Pletnev, Valerian, 220 , 239 n, 241 ;

contributions of to Workers' Club , 234 ;

and cultural revolution, 246 ;

in dealings with Lenin, 202 ;

in dealings with local Proletkults, 216 ;

and decline of Proletkult, 213 ;

defends Proletkult, 209 , 222 -24, 253 ;

dramatic works of, 142 ;

early career of, 102 -3;

elected to national governing council, 102 ;

opposes New Economic Policy, 222 -23;

succeeds Lebedev-Polianskii, 207

Poetry, proletarian, 122 , 139 -140

Pokrovskii, Mikhail, 201

Polekova factory Proletkult, 133 , 188

Politburo, 202 , 214 ;

and cooperation with Proletkult, 217 ;

and debates on proletarian culture, 221 -22;

and demise of Proletkult, 226

Politprosvet, 210

Polonskii, Viacheslav, 245

Popova, Liubov, 111

Posters, 129

Potresov, Aleksandr, 18 -19

Pozhidaev, Dmitrii, 181

Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 38

Press, popular, 13 -14

Professionalization in the arts, 152 -59;

and worker-artists, 153

Proletarian cultural-educational organizations. See Proletkult

Proletarian Culture (journal), 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 55 , 57 , 150 , 188 , 189 , 200 , 207 ;

demise of, 221

Proletarian Writers' Union, 102 , 246. See also VAPP

Proletariat: characteristics of, 65 ;

after Civil War, 225 ;

definition of, xxvi , 62 -63;

after revolution, 225.

See also Working class

Proletkult:

artistic practice of, 239 -45:

autonomy of, xxv , 32 , 36 -44, 46 , 47 , 50 , 54 , 60 -61, 121 , 193 , 194 , 196 -205, 255 ;

and avant-garde, 240 ;

Bolsheviks among, 39 , 63 ;

during Civil War, 32 , 71 ;

class-based ideology of, 111 ;

and clubs, 185 -91, 234 -39;

in collaboration with Red Army, 83 ;

and Communist Party, 32 , 37 -39, 67 , 198 ;

in competition for influence, 34 -36;

constituency of, 32 , 61 -62;

cultural prac-

― 303 ―

tices of, 124 -30, 130 -37, 158 , 214 -21;

decline of, xxvii -xxix, 158 , 205 -13, 227 -28, 233 , 256 ;

definition of, 67 ;

demise of, xviii , 249 -50;

denunciation of by Lenin, 232 ;

emergence of, 3 , 10 ;

expansion of, 50 , 257 ;

and family life, 175 -77, 192 ;

financial difficulties of, 218 -20;

during First Five-Year Plan, 245 -50, 256 , 257 ;

founding of, xviii , 21 -31, 26 -30, 45 -50;

funding, 44 , 48 , 212 ;

identified as Bogdanov's movement, xxiii ;

ideology of, 61 ;

intellectual foundations for, 3 ;

international branch of, 200 -201;

leadership of, 49 , 93 -97, 117 ;

legal status of questioned, 201 ;

literary activities of, 126 , 135 -36;

loss of autonomy by, 196 -205, 202 -5, 210 , 232 ;

membership of, xix , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 ;

mission of, xviii -xix, 42 -44, 55 , 123 , 152 , 254 -55;

music studios of, 13 , 133 -34;

and Narkompros, 40 -44, 47 , 50 , 56 -57, 89 , 203 , 206 ;

national agenda of, 44 -50;

in national plenum (December 1920), 206 -8;

during New Economic Policy, 84 , 158 , 190 , 215 -16, 224 , 227 -245, 256 , 257 ;

nihilism of, 130 ;

peasants in, 79 -84, 235 ;

period of influence by, xviii ;

and plenum (1922), 218 -20;

political agenda of, 236 ;

principles of, xx , xxv -xxvi;

and problem of revolutionary leadership, 92 ;

and professionalization, 243 ;

provincial branches of, 51 -59, 67 ;

radicals in, 92 , 174 ;

and rejuvenation during "Stalin revolution," 247 ;

relationship to state of, 29 , 31 , 41 -43, 46 ;

and religion, 236 ;

reorganization of, 205 -13;

role of intellectuals in, 117 , 120 -21;

size of, 68 , 221 , 246 -47;

social agenda of, 160 -61;

social composition of, xxiv , 89 , 233 -34;

social programs of, 232 -39;

structure of, 49 -50;

studios of, 126 -29;

successors to, 230 -31;

teachers in, 111 -12;

union control of, 237 , 243 , 244 ;

utopianism of, 160 -61, 191 -92, 254 , 256 ;

views of Soviet research on, xxi -xxii;

vision of the proletariat by, xix ;

and Vpredists, 43 ;

Western studies of, xxii ;

women in, 177 -80, 183 ;

youth in, 84 -88, 180 -82.