Учебно-методическое пособие
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
“УФИМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ НЕФТЯНОЙ
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ”
Кафедра иностранных языков
Учебно-методическое пособие
для контролируемой самостоятельной
работы студентов
1- 2 курса
горно-нефтяного факультета
Уфа 2014
Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для внеаудиторных занятий со студентами первого, второго курса специальностей БГР, БГГ, БГБ и БГЛ горно-нефтяного факультета. Пособие состоит из трех частей, первая из которых включает общетехнические тексты, а вторая часть – общие тексты по профилю вуза и горно-нефтяного факультета, третья часть рассматривает разделы грамматики, на которые обычно не хватает аудиторных часов. Каждый текст снабжен словарем общетехнических терминов, позволяющим расширить лексический запас студентов, и способствующий лучшему пониманию прочитанного материала. После текстов даются вопросы на проверку усвоения их содержания, позволяющие преподавателю проверить уровень усвоения материала. Грамматический раздел снабжен не только кратким изложением материала, но и упражнениями на закрепление этого материала.
Составители: Кожевникова А.И., ст. преподаватель
Хильшер Г.Н., ст. преподаватель
Рецензент:
©Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет, 2014
PART I
Translate the following texts using a dictionary:
№ 1 . WEIGHT AND MASS
Words to be remembered:
weight - вес
the same – один и то же, одинаковый
body – тело
interchangeable – взаимозаменяемый
to attract – притягивать
to measure – измерять
according to – согласно чему-либо
to extend – растягивать
quantity – количество
to divide – делить, разделять
to multiply – умножать
acceleration – ускорение
In common language, "weight" and "mass" are often spoken of as though they were the same things, and a body may be spoken of as "heavy" or "massive" interchangeably: even physicists sometimes fall into a trap. However, consider what weight is. This weight of a body is the force with which it is attracted to the earth.
What will happen to the spring according to Hook's law? A simple way to measure the weight of an object is to suspend it from a coiled spring. In accordance with Hook's law the force by which the body is attracted to the earth will extend the spring, and the amount of the extension is proportional to the force. A weight-measuring device of this sort is a spring balance.
The mass of a body, on the other hand, is the quantity of inertia it possesses. By Newton's second law: It is a force divided by an acceleration. Weight, which is a force, must by the same law be a mass multiplied by an acceleration. In the case of weight, which is the force of earth's gravitational field upon a body, the acceleration is, naturally, that which is produced by the earth's gravitational field.
Questions on the text:
1) Can the words ‘weight’ and ‘mass’ be used interchangeably? 2) What is weight? 3) What is a simple way the measure the weight of an object? 4) What is the mass of a body? 5) What is weight by Newton’s second law?
№ 2. THE ROLE OF GRAVITY
Words to be remembered:
force – сила
gravity – сила тяжести, сила притяжения
to act – действовать (на тело)
particle – частица
base oneself upon – опираться на, основывать
studies – исследования
to influence – влиять, оказывать влияние (на)
to govern – управлять
to provide – обеспечивать
to reveal – обнаруживать, открывать
shape – форма
general relativity – общая относительность
Among the fundamental forces of nature, gravity is of special interest for several reasons. It is, first of all, the only truly universal force. It acts on every material thing from electron to galaxy, and, as we have learned in this century, it even acts on particles like photons and neutrinos or energy in any form. Second, gravity played a uniquely important role in the development and growth of mechanics. Newton, in his formulation of mechanics, based himself upon the studies of motion near the earth, influenced by local gravity, and of planetary motion far from the earth, influenced by the sun's gravity. Since Newton's time, the motion governed by the gravitational force has provided the strictest tests of mechanics. It has served as stimulus for much of the mathematical elaboration of the theory of mechanics. It has led to the discovery of distant new planets, and in own era of artificial satellites, it has revealed new details of the shape and structure of the earth. Through the study of the orbit of Mercury came the first hint of an imperfection of Newtonian mechanics. Mercury's refusal to follow precisely the laws of classical mechanics stands now as one of the experimental supports of new mechanics of Einstein's general relativity.
Questions on the text:
1) What is gravity? 2) What does gravity act on? 3) Did Newton base his formulation of mechanics on the influence of gravity? 4) What are the results of the discovery that the motion is governed by the gravitational force? 5) What was the result of the study of the orbit of Mercury?
№ 3. ELEMENTARY ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Words to be remembered :
matter – материя, вещество
particle – частица
to combine with – сочетаться друг с другом, комбинироваться
in different ways – разными способами, по разному
behavior – поведение
positively charged – положительно заряженный
negatively charged – отрицательно заряженный
nucleus – ядро
substance – вещество
outermost electrons – внешние электроны
inner – внутренний
to bind (bound, bound) – связывать, соединять
be responsible for – являться причиной, отвечать за что-либо
Matter is made up of tiny particles known as atoms. There are only about a hundred different kinds of atoms, and they combine with each other in different ways to form groups called molecules. All matter is composed of atoms or molecules and some knowledge of how atoms are made will give us valuable information about the behavior of matter.
In 1911, Rutherford in England discovered that an atom has a tiny nucleus which is positively charged and contains nearly all the mass of the atom. Distributed about the nucleus and revolving about it in orbits are much less massive negatively charged particles called electrons.
In a normal atom, there are exactly as many negatively charged electrons as are needed to neutralize the positive charge of the nucleus, so that the atom as a whole is electrically neutral. This is of course also true of all normal material substances, which are composed of atoms. The outermost electrons are less strongly bound to the atom than the inner ones, and they are the ones that take part in chemical reactions between atoms and that are responsible for the accumulation of an electric charge on bodies.
Questions on the text:
1) What is matter made up of? 2) What do atoms form? 3) Why do we study how atoms are made? 4) What did Rutherford discover in 1911? 5) Why is atom as a whole electrically neutral? 6) Are outermost or inner electrons less strongly bound to the atom? 7) What electrons take part in chemical reactions?