She can speak English well Она может хорошо говорить по-
but she cannot write it at all. английски, но совсем не умеет писать.
2) для выражения разрешения совершить действие (в вопросительных и утвердительных предложениях):
Can we go home? Можно нам идти?
Yes, you can go. Да, вы можете идти.
3) для выражения запрета совершить действие, выраженного инфинитивом (только в отрицательных предложениях):
You can't speak at the lessons. На уроке разговаривать нельзя .
4) для выражения просьбы (в вопросительных предложениях):
Can (could) you give me Вы не дадите мне
your dictionary? свой словарь ?
Форма could употребляется для более вежливого обращения.
to be able to
Сочетание to be able + инфинитив с частицей to является синонимом модального глагола can для выражения возможности или способности совершения действия:
He is able to help you. Он может помочь вам.
He was able to help you. Он мог помочь вам.
He will be able to help you. Он сможет помочь вам.
Exercise 1. Заполните предложения глаголами can, can't, could или couldn't.
Example: I can stand on my head.
1. I ___ count to twenty in Italian.
2. Put up your hand if you ___ hear me.
3. There was a woman with a big hat in front of me. I ___ see a thing.
4. My mother ___ understand sign language.
5. When Mason was 7, he ___ swim like a fish.
6. We ___ all read and write.
7. When Lily was younger she ___ run very fast.
8. I ___ find my front door key last night.
Exercise 2. Закончите предложения, используя be able to .
Examples: Our baby will be able to walk in a few weeks. I was able to contact him at the office yesterday. She hasn't been able to dance since she had a car crash.
1. It was rather cheap. – I ___ buy it.
2. It took a long time, but in the end Frank ___ buy his own car.
3. I ___ come tomorrow. I'm afraid, I'm too busy.
4. Our teacher says we ___ speak English fairly well in a few months.
5. He ___ work since his illness.
6. Unfortunately we ___ get the tickets for the match yesterday.
Exercise 3. Составьте в парах краткие диалоги, используя глагол can / could и данные словосочетания.
Example: speak French – Can you speak French? Yes, I can. (No, I can’t.) Could you speak French when you were little? Yes, I could. (No, I couldn’t).
1. ride a motorcycle 9. float on water
2. ride a horse 10.spell Mississippi
3. play the guitar 11.count to hundred in English
4. play the violin 12.stand on your head
5. cook food 13.touch your knee with your nose
6. whistle 14.touch your ear with your elbow
7. drive a car 15.touch the ceiling of this room
8. play cards 16.write stories in English
Exercise 4. Дайте отрицательные ответы и объясните причину.
Example: Can he come tomorrow? – He can’t come, because he is ill.
1. Can she forget the name of the street?
2. Can they find the rooms at the hotel?
3. Can they spend their holidays with us?
4. Can he go away?
5. Can the professor forget the title of the book?
6. Can you explain me what is going on?
7. Can we find the way?
8. Can they solve this problem?
9. Can he join the group?
Exercise 5. Выберите правильный вариант и ответьте на вопросы.
Examples: Bob can sing well, … (can he / can’t he)?
– Bob can sing well, can’t he? Yes, he can.
They couldn’t visit you, … (could they / couldn’t they)?
– They couldn’t visit you, could they? No, they couldn’t.
1. You can’t see flowers so early in spring, (can you /, can’t you)? 2. Mr. Brown can swim very well, (can he / can’t he)? 3. We can leave tomorrow, (can we / can’t we)? 4. You couldn’t come in time, (could you / couldn’t you)? 5. Ann could count very well when she was four, (could she / couldn’t she)? 6. The student couldn’t understand the question, (could he / couldn’t he)? 7. Mary can’t play the violin, (can she / couldn’t she)?
Exercise 6. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу.
Examples: Could he answer all the questions? (Yes / easy)
– Yes, he could. They were easy enough for him to answer. Could he answer all the questions? (No / difficult)
– No, he couldn’t. They were too difficult for him to answer.
1. Could they hear the radio? (Yes/loud) 2. Could he hear the radio? (No/low) 3. Could he buy the car? (Yes/cheap) 4. Could he buy the car? (No/expensive) 5. Could she eat the orange? (Yes/sweet) 6. Could she eat the orange? (No/sour)
Exercise 7. Перепишите данные предложения, используя глагол could для более вежливого выражения просьбы.
Example: Speak louder! – Could you speak louder, please?
1. Write down your name and address! 6. Stop here!
2. Take my children to the kindergarten! 7. Clean the room!
3. Buy me some sandwiches! 8. Show your pass!
4. Turn on the TV set! 9. Open the suitcase!
5. Repair my bicycle! 10. Pass me the ring!
May , might
Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы: may – для настоящего времени, might – для прошедшего. Глагол may употребляется для выражения:
1) разрешения в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях: You may go. – Ты можешь идти.
May I help you? – Разрешите вам помочь.
2) запрета в отрицательных предложениях: You may not come here. – Не смей сюда приходить.
3) предположения, неуверенности в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях: It may rain today. – Возможно, сегодня будет дождь. He might come. – Он, может быть, придёт.
Глагол might употребляется также в придаточных дополнительных предложениях в соответствии с правилом согласования времён:
She said that he might take Она сказала, что он может
her book. взять её книгу .
Exercise 8 . Задайте вопрос, выражающий вежливую просьбу, используя глагол may.
Example: Your group mate has a pen. You want to borrow it. –
May I please borrow your pen?
1. Your group mate has a dictionary. You want to borrow it.
2. Your group mate has a pencil sharpener. You want to borrow it.
3. Your group mate has an eraser. You want to use it for a minute.
4. Your group mate has a book. You want to see it.
5. You’re in your friend’s flat. You want to look at his album.
6. You’re knocking at your teacher’s room. You want to come in.
Exercise 9 . Прочитайте диалог. Обратите внимание на употребление в нём модального глагола may. Составьте свой диалог по образцу данного, используя в нём модальный глагол may и конструкцию to be going +инфинитив.
Roy : Where are you going to spend your holidays this year, Harry?
Harry: We may go abroad. I’m not sure. My wife wants to go to
Egypt. I’d like to go there, too. We can’t make up our minds.
Roy : Will you travel by sea or by air?
Harry: We may travel by sea.
Roy : It’s cheaper, isn’t it?
Harry: It may be cheaper, but it takes a long time.
Roy : I’m sure you will enjoy yourselves.
Harry: Don’t be so sure. We may not go anywhere. My wife always
worries too much. Who’s going to look after the dog? Who’s going to look after the house? Who’s going to look after the garden? We have this problem every year. In the end, we stay at home and look after everything!
Exercise 10 . Перепишите предложения, используя глагол may.
Example: Will you allow me to use your computer, please? –
May I use your computer, please?
1. Will you allow me to borrow your dictionary, please?
2. Will you allow them to come into the room now?
3. Will you allow me to bring my dog here, please?
4. Will you allow me to look at his paintings, please?
5. Will you allow me to leave earlier, please?
Exercise 11. Перепишите предложения, используя may / might.
Example: They will arrive tomorrow. – They may arrive tomorrow.
1. The playing field will be ready by next week. 2. The children had a dictation yesterday. 3. He will be late. 4. The old man slipped on the ice. 5. Benjamin will study German. 6. Perhaps the question was too difficult for him. 7. I had better take my raincoat, perhaps it will rain. 8. Perhaps the storm will come very soon. Look out! 9. Try this medicine, perhaps it will help you. 10. Why didn’t you remind him of his promise? It is possible that he forgot all about it.
Exercise 12. Перепишите предложения, используя may / might.
Example: Emily will have an operation next Monday. – Emily may have
an operation next Monday.
1. They will finish writing their essays on time. 2. Peter decided to take the examination again. 3. They are eating supper. 4. They will go swimming tomorrow. 5. The boy lied to his teacher.
Exercise 13 . Ответьте на вопросы, используя глагол may.
Example: Are you going to New York this spring? –
I may go, but I’m not sure.
1. I haven’t seen Steve for a week. Is he ill?
2. Is your brother back from the country yet?
3. Are you going to postpone the meeting with the clients?
4. Will your husband be at home tonight?
5. Will Mr. Stephano come to the conference on Monday?
6. Will Mr. Burton be at the concert this evening?
7. Is there a tin of sardines in the cupboard?
8. Is Manuel strong enough to do the work?
Exercise 14 . Ответьте на вопросы, выражая предположение.
Example: Why do you think the driver was fined? –
He may/might have jumped the red light.
1. Why do you think the performance was cancelled? 2. Why do you think the conference will be held? 3. What do you think William has been doing all this time? 4. What do you think Mr. White is keeping? 5. Why do you think the ship sank? 6. Why do you think Ann is upset? 7. Where do you think Peter is?
to be allowed to / to be permitted to
Словосочетания to be allowed и to be permitted + инфинитив с частицей to являются синонимами модального глагола may:
I am allowed to use this device. Мне разрешено (я могу)
использовать этот прибор.
He will be allowed to use this Ему разрешат использовать
device. этот прибор.
must
Глагол must употребляется:
1) для выражения долженствования, необходимости произвести действие в настоящем или будущем: I must go. – Мне надо идти.
2) для выражения запрета в отрицательном предложении:
You mustn't do it. – Нельзя этого делать.
3) для выражения вероятности какого-либо действия, предположения: He must have read this book. – Он, вероятно, читал эту книгу.
4) для обозначения настоятельного совета, рекомендации: You must come and see our new flat. – Ты должен придти посмотреть нашу новую квартиру.
to have ( to )
Глагол to have ( to ) употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей to для выражения необходимости совершить действие в силу определённых обстоятельств и соответствует русскому "придётся, пришлось":
It was very dark and Было очень темно , и нам
we had to stay at home. пришлось остаться дома .
I don't have to stay here. Мне не нужно здесь оставаться.