4. What is absolute zero? (O. Kelvin or -273 °C).

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5. What scientists worked in the field of superconductivity research? (a Dutch physicist K. Ones, Russian physicists L. Landau and V. Ginsburg, and a number of American scientists).

6. What materials are the best super conductors? (ceramic materials).

7. What are the potential technical uses of superconductivity?
(nuclear research, power generation, electronics, etc.).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts:

1. Recent achievements in 1. fundamental theory to explain
superconductivity research are this unexpected phenomenon.

2. They may be compared with 2. found the electrical resistively of

mercury to disappear when cooled

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to the temperature of 4 Kelvin.

3. Superconductivity is known to 3. to the development of super-

conductivity theory.

4. While carrying out his low 4. have been discovered by a Dutch temperature research he physicist.

5. For 50 years after the discovery 5.of great importance for science there was no and technology.

6. In the 1950s Russian and American 6.since the discovery of a super-physicists made a great contribution conductive metallic ceramics.

7. Research in the field of super- 7.physics discoveries that led to the
conductivity became especially active development of electronics and

nuclear power.

Exercise 3. Read and learn:

Professor Brown: Hello, glad to meet you, proof. Smith, haven't seen you for ages, since I left the University. Prof. Smith: How do you do, proof. Brown, I haven't expected

to see you here. Are you interested in

superconductivity problems? By the way, how

are you making your living? I haven't heard

anything about your work lately. I spent the

last two years in Geneva as a member of a

special UN committee.
Pr. В.: I am with Bell Telephone company. It is a

global leader in electrical engineering. And I

deal with new technologies.
Pr. S.: Oh, your work is so important nowadays.

Mankind needs energy for producing light, heat

and transportation. This is the basis of our

civilization.
Pr. В.: Sure, that's so. And as the population grows, so

does the demand for better quality of life.

Energy consumption increases daily.
Pr. S.: But with it the threat to clean air, pure water

and soil increases too. These natural resources

are not inexhaustible.
Pr. В.: Of course. We are developing new industrial

systems to improve productivity, reducing the

amount of raw materials and energy required.

Our new advanced systems help to conserve

energy too.
Pr. S.: In Geneva one of the problems I studied was

the problem to generate. transmit and distribute

energy with great efficiency.! think Doctor

Carter's work in this field is the most promising.

From the Agenda (повестка дня) we have all

just received you can see that Dr.Carter will

speak on his work tomorrow.

I have already seen this paper on the program.

I'll not miss (пропустить) it. Have you attended

the morning session?

The most interesting was the discussion on

problems of the balance between the needs of

the mankind and the conservation of the natural

resources.

Have you taken part in it?

Certainly. I've spoken about clean and efficient

technology in the field of electrical engineering.

Exercise 4. Comment on the following statement:

The teaching routine procedures (заведенный порядок, общеиз­верстная и установившаяся практика) ought to be the main aim of education.

One point of view: Routine makes life and experiments easier, it saves energy; experience of past generations takes on the form of routine; routine helps us to avoid risks; thanks to routine we don't have to rediscover things; routine ensures efficiency while experimenting, it enables us to achieve a high level of predictability.

A contrary point of view: Routine kills invention and discovery, it is opposite to creativity; it is necessary to avoid routine so that the world can be changed for the better; young people ought to develop their imagination, but not learn routine; routine is the exact opposite of youthfulness; routine is boring; the best idea would be to combine routine with improvisation.

Exercise 5. Conduct a round-table discussion on "Superconductivity Research''. Use texts 11 A,B, С as a basis for the preparation of oral talks and discussion. Useful words and phrases of scientific communication are given in exercise 5 (see Lesson 10 "Conversation").

Exercise 6. Read and smile:

For a long time Edison's visitors wondered (удивлялись) why the gate (калитка) to his garden was so difficult to open.

Once his friend said: "The gate to your garden is so heavy. I have to use all my strength to open it. I cannot understand this. You are such a brilliant man. You can invent something better". "The gate seems to be all right", Edison answered with a smile. "The fact is that it is a brilliant invention." "You are laughing at me, sir!" "No, I am not. The gate is connected to a pump. Everybody who comes in pumps twenty liters of water out of the well (колодец)".

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11'

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An absent-minded (рассеянный) professor was once travelling by electric train, and when the conductor came the professor couldn't

find his ticket.

"It's all right, sir", said the conductor who knew the professor very well, "I'll come at the next station".

But at the next station there was the same difficulty, the professor ] couldn't find his ticket anywhere.

"It's all right, sir, it doesn't matter (не имеет значения)", said the conductor. "No, no I must find the ticket, I must know where I’m going to!"

TEXT 1 IB

Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его.

Superconductivity is a state of matter that chemical elements, compounds and alloys assume on being cooled to temperatures near to absolute zero. Hence, a superconductor is a solid material that abruptly loses all resistance to the flow of electric current when cooled below a characteristic temperature. This temperature differs for different materials but generally is within the absolute zero (-273° C). Superconductors have thermal, electric and magnetic properties that differ from their properties at higher temperatures and from properties of no superconductive materials.

Now hundreds of materials are known to become superconductors at low temperature. Approximately 26 of the chemical elements are superconductors. Among these are commonly known metals such as aluminum, tin, lead and mercury and several less common ones.

Most of the known superconductors are alloys or compounds.

It is possible for a compound to be superconducting even if the chemical elements constituting it are not.

TEXT 11C

Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию о применении сверхпроводников в будущем. Изложите кратко содержание текста по-английски.

New Hope for Energy Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be super­conductors. Superconducting ceramics are substances which can transmit electric currents with no loss of energy at temperatures much higher than conventional superconductors (that is, at the temperature of liquid

nitrogen).

One use for the new superconductors would be to replace those that need the extreme cold of liquid helium - huge superconducting

electromagnets used in nuclear magnetic resonance research, atomic particle acceleration and research reactors.

Other types of electromagnets made with superconductors could be used to lower the cost of electric generation and storage. Such uses may take 10 years of research, a quicker use will probably be in electronics.

Researchers now estimate that tiny but immensely powerful high-speed computers using superconductors may be three to five years away. Farther off are 300 m.p.h. trains that float on magnetic cushions which now exist as prototypes but may take at least a decade to perfect. Power lines that can meet a city's electric needs with superconductor cables may be even farther in the future.

Meanwhile, scientists around the world are trying to turn the new materials into useful products. Among the most notable is a micron-thin film to transmit useful amounts of electric current without losing superconductivity. The film could be used in the microscopic circuitry of advanced computers as high-speed pathway (маршрут, соединение) between computer chips.

Several nations are known to be very active in superconductor research. For example, the United States is spending millions of dollars on such research, much of it for military uses: projectile accelerators, lasers, ship and submarine propulsion.

TEXT 1 ID

Прочитайте текст и расскажите по-английски о Массачусетском Технологиче­ ском Институте.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MIT is an independent university located in Boston area. It was founded in 1861 by William Barton Rogers, a distinguished natural scientist, who believed professional competence to be best fostered (воспитывать) by the combining of teaching, research, and the application of knowledge to real-world problems. MIT held its first classes in 1865 after having delayed opening because of the Civil War. There were approximately 15 students enroled at that time.

Today MIT has about 9,700 students, a faculty (профессорское-преподавательский состав) of approximately 1,000 and several thousand research staff. The total teaching staff numbers more that 1,800. The institute is broadly organized into five academic Schools -Architecture and Planning, Engineering, Humanities and Social Science, Management and Science - and a large number of interdisciplinary Programs, laboratories, and centers, including the Whitaker College

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of Health Science, Technology and Management. A unique feature of MIT is that undergraduates join with graduate students, faculty, and staff to work on research projects throughout the institute.

Most academic activities take place in a group of interconnected buildings designed to permit easy communication among the Schools and their 22 departments. Across the street from this set of buildings there are athletic fields, the student center, and many of the dormitories.

The main purpose of the academic program at MIT is to give students a sound command (прочное усвоение) of basic principles, the habit of continued learning and the confidence that comes from a thorough and systematic approach to learning. This results in continued professional and personal growth, especially in today's rapidly changing world.

The two essential parts of all MIT educational programs are teaching and research. Both of these activities carried on together have greater potential than either performed alone. They provide experience in theory and experiment for both students and teaching staff.

Each student pursues a degree (стремиться получить степень) in one of the departments. Undergraduate courses at MIT lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science (S.B.). The academic programs require four years of full-time study for the Bachelor of Science. Degrees are awarded on the basis of satisfactory completion of general institute and departmental requirements (общеинститутские и кафедральные требования) in each program.

There is enough flexibility (гибкость), however, to allow each student, in collaboration with the adviser, to develop an individual program in accordance with his or her own interests and preparation.

LESSON 12

Сослагательное наклонение

Многофункциональность should , would

Особенности пассива

Глаголы to involve, result in, result from

Text 12A. The Mars Programme

Text 12B. Thirty Years of the Space Age

Text 12C. Living Aboard the Space Shuttle

Text 12D. Time Travel and New Universes

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в сослагательном наклонении:

1. Would you like to come with us? 2. Would you be so kind as to tell me how to get to the Red Square? 3. Could you tell me the way to the main building of the University? 4. Would you mind giving me your dictionary for a minute? 5. Would you be kind enough to pass me the text-book? 6. I'd like to thank you for your help. 7. He'd like to meet you.

1. You are the only person she would listen to. 2. The material in this book is very much out of date. The book must have been written a long time ago. 3. He speaks English well. He must have lived in the United States for a long time. 4. You could have done it in a different way. 5. It's strange he is not here. However, he might have forgotten all about it. Or he might have come while I was out. 6. For long journeys in private cars one could use automatic guidance systems. 7. One laser beam could carry all the radio, TV and telephone messages simultaneously.

1. Mary wishes she could drive a car. 2. I wish that, for just a
day, I were President of the United States. 3. I wish I had not spent
so much money yesterday. 4. I wish when a boy I had studied French
instead of English. 5. John wishes he had been a mechanical engineer.
6. I wish I had a car. 7. I wish you had mentioned this fact to me
before. '

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1. If he were better educated, he would get the job. 2. Were I you, I should speak to him about it. 3. I would have called you, if I had had your telephone number. 4. Had she felt better, she would have gone with them. 5. If you watch a laser operate. you might be surprised at the simplicity of a device capable of such power. 6. "If I had had a chance to live my life again, I should have tried to combine the study of the history of art, philosophy and science". "But then you wouldn't be good at either". "No, you’re probably right, I'd be a dilettante".

1. K. Ones found that it was necessary that a mercury wire be cooled to -265° С for electrical resistively to disappear. 2. Tsiolkovsky proposed that liquid propellants should be used for space travel.

3. Recently it has been improbable that superconductivity should appear
at an unbelievable temperature of 98 К in a special ceramic material.

4. The great speeds and high resistance of air demand that new
hyper liners be built without windows. 5. It is essential that a
superconductor should be a solid material and it is necessary that it
should be cooled to -273° С 6. It was natural for the ancient Greeks
to suppose that the stars, planets, the sun and the moon move round
the Earth in space. 7. It is possible that a compound should become
a superconductor even if the chemical elements constituting it are not.
8. Copernicus suggested that the Sun and not the Earth should be at
the centre of everything.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзы in order that , so that , lest :

I. A special system is being developed so that drivers could see after dark. 2. Aircraft designers tend to substitute conventional metal alloys by new composite materials in order that an aircraft structure should be lighter. 3. Some materials are cooled almost to -273° С so that they should become superconductors. 4. Great attention is paid to ecological problems all over the world so that air in super cities should be kept clean. 5. You must put down this formula lest you should forget it. 6. Metal parts are tested for defects lest they should fail in operation. 7. Students must work hard lest they should fail at the examination. 8. All kinds of safety devices for motor cars are being developed lest accidents should occur. 9. A hypersonic craft will require complicated measures lest it should burn.

Упражнение З. Переведите предложения, принимая во внимание особенности страдательного залога в английском языке:

1. International cooperation, especially in the field of space and science, may be spoken of as a long-standing tradition. 2. The "night

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vision" system is being worked at in many design bureaus. 3. The invention of an internal combustion engine was followed by the appearance of a motor car as we know it today. 4. Any flying vehicle is acted upon by aerodynamic forces. 5. The improvement of our working conditions and life is influenced by achievements of scientific and technological progress. 6. New developments in the field of superconductivity are much written about at present. 7. The invention of a steam engine was followed by the first industrial revolution. 8. The neutron is not influenced by a magnetic field. 9. The appearance of a jet engine was followed by a tremendous increase of aircraft speeds. 10. The problems of interplanetary flight are dealt with in the latest magazine.

Упражнение 4. Объясните различные значения глагола to involve и его произ­водных:

1. While on their last space flight French cosmonauts were mostly involved in carrying out scientific experiments. 2. A program to establish an International Lunar Base can involve many nations. 3. The struggle for the protection of Lake Baikal has shown the true position of the organizations involved. 4. To understand the operation of computers one must understand the principles involved.

Упражнение 5. Переведите интернациональные слова:

automatic [,o:tama2tik], station, dozen [dV\zn], natural [natural], national ['nae/anl], resources [ri'sosiz], aeronautics [,eara'no:tiks], European [Juara'pkan], Mars expedition, gravity, satellite ['saetslait], socialist ['saujblist], atmosphere, robots, analysis [a'nasbsis], control [kan'traul], alternative [ o:l'ta:nativ], progress, exploration, Martian [mce/jan], Europe ['juror].

Упражнение б. Прочтите и запомните произношение слов: origin ['Drid3in], multitude ['mAltitju:d], agency ['edams], importance [important], acknowledge [ зек ' пои $], NASA jennies], re­searcher [reseat], incorporate [in'korpareit], enterprise ['enterprise], propose [pra'pauz], jointly [d33intli], artificial [euripi'/al], areas [arias], detailed ['dirtied], special taste/al], balloons [balms], basic ['basic], officials [a'fijalz], major ['midi], crew [koru:], require [ri'kwaia], fuel [fuel], priority [prai'ariti], purpose ['pa:pas], vehicle [Vigil], launch [b:ntjT].

Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

hence adv - следовательно implementation n - выполнение, осуществление

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incorporate v - включать, объеди­нять

investigation n - исследование land v-приземляться, опускаться last v- сохраняться, длиться launch v- запускать multitude n - множество, большое число, масса purpose v-цель, reason v- причина representative a - представитель­ный

self-propelled a - самоходный, са­модвижущийся space n - пространство, космос specimen я -образец, экземпляр supply v - снабжать, обеспечивать

Text 12A

Прочитайте текст и объясните, почему так важно провести широкие исследо­вания Марса. Расскажите о программах изучения Марса. Назовите наиболее изве­стные в мире организации, занимающиеся космическими исследованиями.

The Mars Programme

In 1962 the first automatic station - the USSR's Mars-1 - was launched. It was followed by more than a dozen Soviet and US space vehicles. Then came a lengthy interval starting in 1975. Now the time has come for mankind to carry out detailed studies of Mars which is known to be a planet in many respects similar to the Earth. It is necessary that man should understand the origin and development of the Solar System in order to understand the history of our own planet and the reasons of the appearance of life on it.

New knowledge about Mars might help us to explain the multitude of natural phenomena occurring on earth and enable us to predict these phenomena, as well as control them. This would help mankind begin exploring the Solar System's resources in the not so distant future.

The importance of Mars studies is acknowledged by all. Thus the working programmers of the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) envisage flights to Mars in the 1990s. The most representative community of space research — the International Astronautically Federation (IAF), now incorporating some eighty space agencies,

institutes and industrial enterprises in 36 countries — considers the preparation of manned and unmanned expeditions to Mars to be one of its main priorities.

Russia has proposed that a broad international programme of detailed study of Mars and its natural satellites should be carried out. Scientists and space experts suggested that automatic stations for Mars' expeditions should be designed and produced by Russia, and the scientific instruments for them should be jointly prepared by ten countries: six East and four West European. It was reported that the programme would enable us to deliver to Mars the automatic station for global studies of the planet from the orbits of its artificial satellites, determine the most promising areas for detailed investigations and study the planet's atmosphere by landing special vehicles as well as balloons.

A new generation of the Photos space probes has been developed for this purpose in Russia. It should be noted that these probes are sophisticated programmed space robots. They are believed to be the basic means for the expedition to Photos, Mars satellite, and hence for carrying out the Mars programme in 1998 and 1999. It is planned to launch six unmanned spacecrafts — two each in 1992, 1994, and 1996. The Mars Sample Return Mission¹, now being planned for the late 1990s should be the most important part in the space programme for the period ending in 2000. The spacecraft to be launched to Mars is to make a soft landing on the planet and send a self-propelled vehicle, so-called rover , to gather soil samples and specimens of Mars rock . It is to travel several hundred kilometers on Mars' surface, encountering storms, frosts and heat. Then about 2 lbs⁵ of materials would be returned to earth for detailed analysis. The U.S. is supposed to supply the rover plus advanced electronics to guide this rover from orbiting spacecraft.

NASA experts are studying a quicker, simpler alternative that would allow to visit Photos, one of the two Mars main moons. They wish the USA were the first to send people towards Mars. And NASA officials predict that a U.S. spacecraft carrying four crew members could reach Photos' surface by 2003, more than four years earlier than it could reach Mars. The Photos mission is similar to that of a Mars flight. It, too, would require two space vehicles, a cargo ship followed by a manned spacecraft. And it, too, would last 14 months. But the Photos rockets would need only half the fuel, since they wouldn't have to overcome Martian gravity to get back.

Besides being a major step in the progress of space science, the implementation of the programmers described may serve as a transitional stage from the study of space to its exploration for the benefit of earth.

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Notes to the Text

1. The Mars Sample Return Mission - полет с целью возвращения

образцов с Марса

2. the late 1990s - в конце 1990-х годов

3. rover - ковер, самоходный аппарат для исследования повар-

юности

4. Mars rock - грунт, порода Марса

5. lb. = pound - фунт (453, 5 гр.).

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 7. Определите значения глагола should в различных предложениях: 1. It should be said that the importance of Mars studies is ac­knowledged by all. 2. Reliability of every vehicle should be paid great attention to during the production process. 3. It is required that an airplane should be well balanced dynamically. 4. Should there be even a small deviation (отклонение) in the velocity, the space vehicle would pass the planet. 5. K.E. Tsiolkovsky suggested that man-made rockets for the future space flights should use liquid-propelled engines. 6. We were told that we should take part in the discussion. 7. One should not forget that electricity is the most important source of energy at present.

Упражнение 8. Определите значения глагола would в различных предложениях:

1. Halley predicted that the comet would appear at regular intervals of 75 years. 2. If you were on the first manned space station your task would be to study the stars and planets including the Earth. 3. Some materials cooled to proper temperature would conduct electricity practically without any resistance. 4. In future it may be possible to build a dirigible with a metal hull that would carry hundreds of passengers round the world. 5. In 1883 Tsiolkovsky wrote that rocket would be the only means able to reach outer space. 6. Popov would make his experiments with radio although the government was not interested in the work. 7. We tried to start the car, but it would not go. 8. We know that a body in motion would continue to travel in a straight line unless some force were applied. 9. Without gravity we would not be able to walk in an upright position. 10. Non-equatorial regions of Mars would be difficult and expensive to reach and explore.

Упражнение 9. Укажите предложения, где should является модальным глаголом, а также те предложения, где глаголы would , could и might выражают сослагательное наклонение:

1. It is essential that international cooperation should be as productive as possible. 2. Research and technology should provide the basis for a better life. 3. Military uses of a space station could complicate

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international cooperation since there are several neutral countries among the participants. 4. It is desirable that international space cooperation should give significant economic advantage for the countries involved. 5. NASA agreed that Canada would develop a remote manipulation system for the space Shuttle. 6. It should be pointed out that Japan space programmers are based on close government-industry cooperation. 7. The craft to be launched would essentially be used as a service module for space stations. 8. Typical missions of a new system might include the assembly of space structures. 9. Exploring Photos would be a difficult problem because of its small gravity field. If an astronaut threw a stone right ahead, it would orbit the entire moon and hit him in the back of the head. 10. Such a vehicle could be operational by the end of the century. 11. One should know that the broader the basis for utilizing a space station is, the better the prospects for economic efficiency of developing it are. 12. After the Challenger tragedy the military experts insisted that a new Shuttle should be built. 13. It was reported that the appearance of photon computers could be expected.

Упражнение 10. Переведите предложения в страдательном залоге: 1. In mechanics the study of kinematics is followed by the study of dynamics. 2. A gas may be looked upon as the vapor of a liquid with a very low boiling point or very great vapor pressure. 3. Lead is very slightly acted upon by the oxygen of the air. 4. The works of Tsiolkovsky were followed by a number of very important works in the field of astronautics. 5. The production of special metallurgical alloys is seldom influenced by gravity. 6. This article describes design characteristics which are followed by the description of the results of the experiments. This description is followed by a discussion of no technical aspects of the lunar programme proposed.

Упражнение 11. Объясните различные значения глагола to result : 1. It is well known that automation results in higher labour productivity. 2. A manned space flight has resulted from the great achievements in Russian science. 3. This experiment resulted in the discovery of several new properties of the composite material. 4. A release of automatic energy results from a very complex process. 5. World War II resulted in the victory of the USSR, the US and Great Britain. 6. Such experiments usually result in obtaining new information. 7. The motion of an electron results from a force acting upon it. 8. The growing intensity of air traffic has resulted in the automation of its control. 9. Newton's famous work "Principia" resulted from 40 years of experimental work.

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УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 12. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся следующие слова: gravity, peaceful, permanent, consequence, subatomic, dominant, relative, relativity, flexible, apparently, celebrity, novelty, connection, complicate, desirable, significant, utilize, pressure, famous, involvement, significance, weightlessness, eaten, recorder, suppression, useless, dense, density, depth, damage, shorten.

Упражнение 13. Образуйте существительные от следующих слов: appear, explore, prepare, prior, important, implement, transit, propose, create, lighten, encode, structural, useful, discuss, grow, store, differ, electronic.

Упражнение 14. Найдите

а) синонимы:

spacecraft, to call, artificial, significance, area, man-made, satellite, purpose, complicated, importance, space vehicle, explorer, aim, to guide, to offer, researcher, investigation, to incorporate, sophisticated, to propose, to determine, exploration, to define, to gather, to control, to collect, to name, to include, district, moon;

б) антонимы:

special, upper, unmanned, natural, last, manned, unequal, conventional, distant, first, lower, civil, equal, inefficient, military, near, efficient, artificial.

Упражнение 15. Переведите следующие предложения, учитывая различные зна­чения глагола to involve и его производных:

1. NASA began looking for the way to involve other countries in its post-Apollo space programme. 2. International involvement in the space programme raises a number of questions. 3. The international programme has involved Russia, Canada, Japan and various developing countries, as well as both individual European countries and various European space organizations. 4. There exists a clear trend towards increased international involvement in those uses of space which could be economically beneficial. 5. The aim of the experiment involving dogs, monkeys and other animals aboard Cosmos was to study the way zero gravitation affects the living organisms. 6. An efficient radiator is capable of warming a large room, the process involved is called convection. 7. Work with computers and other sophisticated electronic devices involves two different types of construct-tion: hardware and software.

Упражнение 16. Переведите следующие предложения, учитывая различные зна­чения слова only :

1. You are the only person who could help us in solving this problem. 2. The International Academy of Astronautics including nearly

one thousand scientists and engineers from 50 countries is the only organization which can plan technical efforts on an international scale. 3. Only through cooperation on a world-wide scale could space technology be improved. 4. Effective communication across national borders appeared to be the only way for space science to develop successfully.

Упражнение 17. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые в страдательном залоге, переведите: Dolly Madison was born in South Carolina while her parents were visiting there. She was soon taken to Virginia where she was educated. She was taught by her Quaker parents to say "thee" and "thou" for "you". Dolly was married to John Payne who died a short time afterwards from yellow fever. Several years later she was married to James Madison, a brilliant lawyer. When Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the US, James Madison was selected Secretary of State. Mr. Jefferson was a widower, so Dolly was often invited to preside at the White House. When James Madison was elected president, Mrs. Madison was the hostess of the White House on all occasions. People from everywhere were impressed with her sincerity and her love for humanity.

Упражнение 18. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их:

beaten, steal, carrying out, learnt, ate, slept.

Упражнение 19. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря:

Exploration experts suggest that the tiny moon Photos should be used as a perfect place for gas refilling station. Some scientists think Photos rocks to contain crystalline ice. If one heats them, it will be possible to produce water. The latter could be divided into hydrogen and oxygen which are necessary components for rocket propulsion. Such a fuel supply would greatly reduce the amount of weight that must be delivered from the Earth for manned missions to Mars. Thus, it might be possible for spacecrafts to leave the Earth for Mars carrying no return fuel. To get home, they should simply fill up at Photos.

Conversation Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

1. What planet is in many respects similar to the Earth? (Mars).

2. What can help mankind explain natural phenomena occurring on Earth and predict them? (more detailed study of Mars and its satellites).

3. What organizations are working at the programmers of Mars expeditions? (NASA, ESA, IAF). 4. What programme of Mars investigation was proposed by Russia? (international broad programme of Mars investigation by several European countries). 5. What was the purpose of this programme? (to deliver the Photos space probes for

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studies of Mars from the orbit of its satellites). 6. What are the Photos space probes? (sophisticated programmed space robots). 7. What is the most important part of this space programme? (the Mars sample return mission).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts:

1. NASA has proposed l. a cargo ship followed by a manned

spacecraft.

2. NASA experts predict that a US 2. they wouldn't have to overcome spacecraft Martian gravity to get back.

3. It would be more 3. a quicker and simpler programme

of visiting Photos, one of the two tiny Mars satellites.