Упражнение 20. Найдите предложения с союзами before и after .

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1. There was no means of direct communication before the telephone was invented. 2. After World War 1 dirigibles gradually lost their significance as a means of transportation. 3. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets moved around the sun. 4. After a French engineer invented the first self-propelled road vehicle in 1770 many car designers wanted to make a better automobile. 5. Before each flight pilots must ask for the information about the weather expected during the planned route. 6. The "night vision" system enables drivers to see better after dark. 7. Before the industrial production of materials in space can be started,it is necessary to create special space stations. 8. Soon after Karl Marx's arrival in England he became a daily visitor of the Reading Room of the British Museum.

Упражнение 21. Выберите правильное слово из приведенных в скобках:

1. A young physicist can (get, get up) a prize for his work. 2. Designers tested a new engine to (find,find out) whether the ceramics it was made of could withstand temperatures up to 1,000 °C. 3. It is difficult to (get, get up)early in winter. 4. Many specialists are working at the problem of developing a new kind of telephone which we (call, call for) "video phone". 5. The projects in Siberia (call, call for) the most effective means of transporting various cargoes over long distances. 6. Specialists wanted to (find, find out) whether telephone communication was reliable or not. 7. Further development (call, call for) new specialists who are able to generate new technical ideas. 8. New generation materials which we (call, call for) composite materials will allow to lighten the aircraft. 9. To translate this text we must (find, find out) some words in the dictionary.

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Упражнение 22. Назовите предложения, где подчеркнутое слово имеет следу­ющее значение: а) действуя

1. They should know in what direction this force is acting. 2. Acting upon the body the force changes. З.Тпеу should find the force, acting

upon the body.

б) имеет дело, рассматривает

1. Thermodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with th< transformation of heat into work. 2. The experience of France dealing with the problem of environmental problems is very important. 3. Nov Russia is dealing very seriously with the problem of Baikal protection

в) используя

1. Using thermomagnetic alloys in the turbine rotor allows to develoi a lot of various sensors. 2. By using thermomagnetic alloys it is possibk to develop a lot of various sensors. 3. Many American companies began using submersibles for tourism.

г) совершенствование

1. Construction specialists are working at improving the design of metro escalators. 2. While improving the design of metro escalators specialists developed a two speed escalator. 3. Our design bureau has developed spiral escalators improving the construction of public

buildings.

д) превышающий

1. A car exceeding its speed, the indicators show it on the display.

2. Exceeding the speed limit the driver should be very attentive.

3. There are relatively few cargoes exceeding 400 tons.

Упражнение 23. а) Прочитайте текст без словаря: Three Stonecutters

Three stonecutters (каменотес) were working hard. A man who was passing by watched them for a few minutes and then, turning to the first stonecutter, he asked: "What are you doing, my friend?" "I am working like a slave (раб). Look at my hands. Did you think I was playing?", he replied. The passer-by then looked at the second workman. "And what are you doing?", he asked. The stone-cutter answered quickly, "I am earning seven dollars and fifty cents a day. I hope to receive at least nine dollars a day in a very near future". The visitor studied the face of the third stonecutter. Once more, he asked, "And what are you doing, my friend?" The stonecutter's face lighted up as he replied, "I am helping to erect a magnificent building. Look at the colour in this piece of marble. I was just thinking how beautiful it will be when it is thoroughly polished. This building will last for hundreds of years and its beauty will inspire everyone who sees it."

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б) Составьте предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. The first stonecutter was the 1. he saw beauty and joy in his work,
unhappiest of the three because

2. The second one was happier than 2. he thought that all work was hard
the first stonecutter because and dull.

3. The third stonecutter was the 3. he thought that honest work
happiest of the three because brings advancement.

Упражнение 24. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их: drawn, grew, feeling, wake up, drank, cutting, sink.

Упражнение 25. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря:

Deep Trouble

An experimental undersea telephone cable in the Canary Islands had to be lifted from the ocean floor three times because of breakage. Each time sharks' ( акула) leeth were found in the damaged cable. Though the cable contains optical fibres transmitting signals in the form of light, it carries a very small amount of electrical wires. It is known that electricity attracts sharks. Therefore, ordinary electric power cables are usually provided with some kind of protection to stop their being attacked by sharks. However, it was not expected that it was necessary to mount this expensive protection on the new cable. But provided the designers had used this conventional protection on the new cable, the sharks would not have approached it.

CONVERSATION Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

1. What apparatuses are used for exploring the ocean depths at present? (non-military submersibles). 2. What countries are developing such submersibles? (Russia, the USA, France and Japan). 3. What kind of submersible is being designed? (an advanced manned submersible). 4. What is the depth it is capable to submerge to? (21,000 feet). 5. What motor is used in it? (a battery-operated electric motor). 6. What devices are provided for collecting samples from the ocean floor? (robotic manipulators). 7. What is the practical application of the submersible? (cultivating sea plants, fish and pearls).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts:

1. A new one-passenger submersible 1 • an underwater helicopter.

is designed for performing

2.This submersible is a spherical 2. to the depth of 3,300 feet.

transparentplastic apparatus

3. It looks like 3. this apparatus will move like a

sports car.

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4. It can move in water environment 4. its sensory manipulator with

miniature video cameras and microphones.

5.While exploring the ocean floor 5. accurate scientific explorations.

6.The apparatus is capable to descend 6. due to the use of rotor instead of

7. A special feature of this manned conventional propeller.

submersible is 7. mounted on a metal platform.

Exercise 3. Read and learn:

Hiking in the Mountains

Mike: My steps become lighter because I hear the music of

running water. Let's stand and look at the stream. Jane: Why only look? I'm thirsty(xo4y пить) and nothing

tastes so good as cool mountain water.
M.: But passing the same water through the pores of the

skin does the body fifteen times as much good as it does

when you drink it. Put your hands and arms into the

deepest place and place and you'll feel so wonderful.
J.: I can't stop drinking. Look at the clear, smooth surface

of the stream. Water is beautiful.
M.: And perhaps,the most beautiful thing about it is its use.

It helps all living things in one way or another.
J.: I know that my own body is eighty-five per cent water.

M.: Yes, and this water keeps you going in spite of the

weather.
J.: How does it do this?

M.: By circulation it keeps your body at the same

temperature all the time.
J.: I've read that water has the most interesting properties

of all liquids. It is the slowest to cool and the slowest

to heat.
M.: In winter the water in your body keeps you warm by

circulating evenly to all parts.In the heat of summer it

passes off through the million of pores of your skin.

This keeps you cool and takes away toxic material at

the same time.
J.: I think the great supply of water in the body is one of

the nature's great provisions.
M.: Sure, especially taking into consideration (принимать во

внимание) that the human being can live only within

the narrow range (диапазон)in body temperature of a

very few degrees Fahrenheit. Have you had enough

water?

J.: Yes, I have. Usually I drink at least six glassfuls of

water daily.

Exercise 4. Speak about:

1. An advanced manned submersible.

2. Practical applications of manned submersibles.

Use exercises 1,2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to realize a dream, underwater exploration, to penetrate, a submersible vehicle, to descend to a depth up to, to perform tasks, collecting samples of minerals and marine life, to work for nine hours, to join efforts.

Exirsice 5. Comment on the following statement:

Scientists cannot afford (позволить себе) to be interested in things not connected with their subject.

One point of view: There is no alternative to пападу ( узкий ) specialization, everybody has a limited amount of time, it is unrealistic to expect a scientist to be interested in other fields than his own, a person who is interested in many things is sure to become a dilettante.

A contrary point of view: It is impossible to understand a particular science in complete isolation, the scientist should not be treated as a machine for solving specialized problems, a narrow specialist may tend to become a narrow -minded person, really great scientists have always had wide interests.

What do you think about it? Why?

Exercise 6. a) Read and say what you think about tea and what it does for you:

Tea

The English know how to make tea and what it does for you. Seven cups of it wake you up in the morning; nine cups will put you to sleep at night.

If you are hot, tea will cool you off, and if you are cold, it will warm you up.

If you take it in the middle of the morning, it will stimulate you' for further work; if you drink it in the afternoon, it will relax you for further thought. Then, of course, you drink lots of it in off hours (свободное время).

The test of good tea is simple. If a spoon stands in it, then it is strong enough.

6) Use the following phrases:

1. If you ask me, tea...

2. If you want my opinion, tea...

3. I entirely /quite agree with the idea that...

4. That's exactly my opinion/ that's exactly what I feel...

5. I don't like tea because...

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Exercise 7. Read and smile:

A Fable from Aesop

While sitting together one time, a group of animals was discussing the popularity of the elephant. They all agreed that the elephant was the most popular animal in the forest, but none of them could give a satisfactory explanation of this fact. Yet they all had certain comments to offer.

The giraffe [d i'ra:f ] said, "If the elephant had a long neck like mine, then it would be easy to understand his popularity. He would be the tallest animal in the forest".

The peacock (павлин) said, "If he possesed my beautiful tail, it would be easy to understand. He would be the most beautiful creature in the forest".

The rabbit said, "If he could run as fast as I, it would be easy to understand. He would be the fastest animal in the forest".

The bear said, "If he was as strong as I, it would be easy to understand. He would be the strongest animal in the forest".

Suddenly the elephant himself appeared. He was larger and stronger than any of the other animals, and he was also superior in many ways. But he was always quiet and modest about his many accomplishments. This, after all, was the real explanation for his popularity.

An American lady got into a smoking carriage (вагон) where an Englishman was smoking a pipe.

She began doing everything to show him she objected to his smoking. At last, seeing that the man paied no attention, she said, "If you were a gentleman, you would stop smoking when a lady got into the carriage".

"If you were a lady", replied the Englishman, "you would not get into a smoking carriage".

"If you were my husband", said the American lady angrily, "I would give you poison (яд)".

"Well," said the Englishman at last, "if I were your husband, I would take it".

TEXT 9B

Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: а) Какую новую информацию вы нашли в тексте? б) За счет чего можно устранить недостатки в существующих погружаемых аппаратах?

Now most submersibles are connected with a support ship on the surface.This connection is an armoured cable measuring an inch or two in the diameter and weighing up to 10 tons and it transmits power and navigational commands to the submersible, as well as sends sensor data and television images back to the support ship. Cables allow submersibles to transmit data at a great speed, but they limit the гапрг of territory studied and have many disadvantages in operation.

Autonomous underwater submersibles can move freely. Controlled by on-board microprocessors or by acoustic signals transmitted by a ship on the surface, battery-operated submersibles can cover much greater areas. They can operate under ice and in very deep water. Such three-ton unmanned crafts can submerge to the depth of almost 20,000 feet and stay there for up to seven hours. High quality images of the ocean bottom can be transmitted to the support ship in three to four seconds (because of the slow speed - about 5,000 foot per second through a water - acoustic data transmission is much less quick than signals sent via cable which travel at the speed of light).

But even these most advanced submersibles have definite disadvantages: batteries are heavy, data transmission is slow and computer programs are primitive. Future submersibles may overcome those difficulties. Some may be propelled by nuclear power or by fuel cells (топливные элементы) that use oxygen from the sea water. Many of them will rely on signal-compression techniques to speed up acoustic data links. Computerized systems will enable some submersibles to repair damaged telephone cables or oil platforms. If research work in this field continues to expand at its present rate, the number of radically different kind of more efficient crafts will appear very soon.

TEXT 9C

Прочитайте текст и назовите особенности современного спасательного средства па воде и принцип его действия.

Lifeboats

Even though we now have ships of a kind unknown in earlier centuries, we are still very far from mastering the sea. The Greek sailor who was shipwrecked (терпеть кораблекрушение) on his way home from Troy and the sailor of tomorrow whose nuclear-powered cargo ship might be on fire both face the same dangers. They may drown (тонуть), and so they need to keep afloat. They may die, and so they need to keep themselves covered and dry. Rescuers (спасатель) may never find them, and so they need to send signals.

The Greek sailor at the time of the Trojan war had only a small chance of survival (спасение). The sailor of tomorrow has a greater chance, especially if the ship has one of the new rescue crafts on board.

One such lifeboat looks more like a flying saucer (тарелка) than a boat. Sailors on board a ship which is in trouble can get into the capsule, close the water-tight doors and operate the controls which drop the capsule automatically into the sea. Made of glass fibre (стекловолокно) the capsule will float on the sea and will not be dragged down by the sinking ship. It will protect the men inside from explosions, fire and extreme cold. It has a thirty-kilowatt diesel engine and so can carry survivors to the coast. To help rescue ship and

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aircraft to find it the upper part of the capsule is covered with a special orange paint which can be detected by radar. Each capsule is large enough for twenty-eight men.

LESSON 10

Text 9D

Прочитайте текст и расскажите по-английски, что вы узнали об истории Грин­вича и его сегодняшнем дне.

Greenwich

Greenwich is on the river Thames, five miles from the middle of London, and its story is 2,000 years old. The first English people -the Saxons - were fishermen there and they gave Greenwich its name -"the green village".

You can still walk along the old Roman road in Greenwich park. But the river was the true road to the outside world for the Romans and for English kings and queens who later lived in Greenwich.

The King Henry VIII loved this place. He knew that England must be strong at sea. So two big shipyards were started at Greenwich and for 350 years the ships made there were the best in the world.

Many ships were lost at sea - their sailors did not know how to tell exactly where they were.

In XVII century astronomer Flamstead tried to find the answer. He worked in an Observatory on the high ground in Greenwich park. The walls of its big light-sided (непрочной) room shook when the weather was bad. But from it, with a telescope made by himself, Flamstead could look all round the sky. And he did look night after night for twenty years. Carrying on Flamstead's work a hundred years later, an astronomer called Harrison finally made a clock which told the time at sea and helped sailors to know where they were. You can see Harrison's clock, still working in Greenwich museum of the sea. Because of Flamstead's work every country in the world now tells its time by Greenwich time.

Every year a million people come to Greenwich to see its museums and palaces and its two famous ships: one old, one new. Both the big CUTTY SARK and the little GYPSY MOTH sailed through dangerous waters before they came safely back to their Greenwich home. At the end of the 1800's the CUTTY SARK was the fastest ship of its size. Carrying more than a million kilos of tea, she travelled the 25,000 kilometeres from China to England in only hundred days.

Next to the CUTTY SARK is the GYPSY MOTH - only 16.5 metres long, but full of newest equipment. Her captain Sir F. Chichester wanted his ship to sail as far and as fast as the CUTTY SARK. When he sailed round the world by himself in CYPSY MOTH in 1966 -the first man ever do this—he took a flag from the CUTTY SARK with him.

Инфинитив, формы и функции

Конструкция there + сказуемое

Глаголы to cause, to make, to force

Text 10A. Laser

Text 10B. Optical Technology

Text. IOC. An Encyclopedia on a Tiny Crystal

Text 10D. Science and International Cooperation

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Определите функции инфинитива в предложениях, переведите: 1. То develop a new submersible craft with a manipulator is not an easy task. 2. To develop the supercomputer highly developed electronics and new materials were required. 3. One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer. 4. Experiments helped Mendeleev to discover the properties of new chemical elements.

5. Francis Chichester was the first to sail round the world by himself.

6. Some materials with new useful properties may be produced in space. 7. A special electronic device signals the engine to stop. 8. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions with other cars. 9. High temperature alloys make it possible for jet engines to be operating under severe conditions for a long period of time. 10. Recently a radar to be mounted on cars has been developed. 11. In a new Japanese car the information to be recieved by the driver will come through -a navigation earth satellite. 12. To help helicopters and aircraft find the capsule, its upper part is covered with special paint which can be detected by radar. 13. To detect objects at a distance such as ships, aircrafts, buildings, mountains etc. is of great importance for navigation both at sea and in air. 14. The radar detects the stationary objects ahead of the car to warn the driver about them and slow down the speed.

Упражнение 2. Переведите согласно образцу: There are many ways ... - Существует много способов ... There has appeared a new kind of vehicle. - Появился новый вид аппарата. There is no doubt - Нет сомнения ...

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1. There are unique conditions in space for producing materials with special qualities. 2. There exist different designs of submersible crafts in several countries. 3. There remains one more test to be carried out before using the device. 4. There has recently appeared a new way of communication through satellite network. 5. There is no doubt that soon we shall see the appearance of a new kind of superliners and space crafts. 6. We have read that there exists an international organization that makes it possible to keep telephone and telegraph communication via satellite with ships in any part of the World Ocean. 7. There is no doubt that mankind will be able to explore the solar system by using nuclear rockets. But there still remain a lot of problems to be solved.

Упражнение З. Запомните значения глаголов to cause , to make , to force , пере­ведите предложения:

1. Weather changes are often caused by cyclons and anticyclons. 2. Work with deaf people made Al. Bell look for a way to help them and he began to study the theory of sound. 3. In internal combustion engines the pressure of gases forces the piston to go down. 4. The fact that Sofia Kovalevskaya couldn't continue her studies in Russia made her leave for Germany. 5. Heating causes the motion of molecules in a substance, the hotter it becomes, the quicker the molecules move. 6. Morse's interest in electricity made him start experimenting with it. 7. Sometimes bad weather forces the aircrafts to land. 8. In ordinary air it is possible to make electrons jump through space by means of pressure of high voltage.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности сочетания при­лагательного с наречием enough :

1. Materials used for superliners structure must be strong enough to withstand the air resistance at high speeds. 2. The "night vision" system is to be small enough to be used in automobiles. 3. The film must be interesting enough since everyone has already seen it. 4. New materials for hypersonic craft should be light enough because the weight of the aircraft structure is of the greatest importance. 5. Infrared rays emitted by any object on the road are to be intensive enough for sensors to pick them up. 6. The Voice "Warning system for cars requires the connection of 18 wires, but it is simple enough to be installed in a car.

Упражнение 5. а) Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний: before the turn of the century, fantastic story, sword of heat, mysterious sword of heat, has come to reality, the name stands for, light amplification, stimulated emission, mankind's oldest dreams, to make lead run like water, technological tool, thermonuclear fuel, to have no time to disintegrate, experiments in heating, required temperature, dozens of times greater, in just a fraction of a second.

технологическое средство, заставить свинец литься как вода, название означает, старейшая мечта человечества, усиление света, в конце прошлого века, индуцированная эмиссия (излучение), ог­ненный меч, таинственный огненный меч, воплотилось в реальность, фантастическая история, эксперименты по нагреву, требуемая тем­пература, термоядерное топливо, нет времени для распада, в десятки раз больше, всего за долю секунды, б) Переведите словосочетания:

a very pure colour, to vaporize the hardest materials, to vaporize any substance on earth, to combine two technological discoveries, limitless source of energy, practically limitless source of energy, thermonuclear fuel, thermonuclear reaction, controlled thermonuclear reaction, current estimates, a thousand-millionth of a second, to work hard.

Упражнение б . Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова: fantastic [faen'tajstik], Martians ['ma:/janz], to stimulate ['stimjuleit], laser [leiza], colour [Ыэ], thermonuclear reaction, con­trolled thermonuclear reaction, energy, plasma ['plae zma ], dozens [dAznz], practice ['pnektis], practical ['praktikal], potential [pau'ten/al], intensive, intensity, principle, to vibrate [vai'breit], fraction, project [pra'djekt], transmission, solar transmission, realise ['rialaiz].

Упражнение 7. Прочитайте, запомните произношение слов: world [wa:ld], turn [ta:n], earth [э:9 ], invade [in'veid], sword [so:d], heat [hi:t], beam [bi:m], pure [pjua ], mankind [maen'kaind ], enough [i'nAf], vaporize ['veiparaiz], a lead [led], focused ['faukast], treatment [tri:tment], vary ['vsari}, varied ['vearid], suggest [ss'd3pst], magic t'maedyk], problem ['problam], combine [kam'bain], source [sos], contribute [kan'tribju:t], duration [djua'rei/эп ], pulse [p/ds], though [&au], encounter [in'kaunta], encode [in'kaud], surface ['sa:fis], therefore ['oeafo:], doubt [daut], entire [in'taia ], heat [hi:t], weapon ['wepan].

Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

amplification n - усиление as well adv - также approximately adv - почти, при­близительно

capacity n - мощность, нагрузка, производительность conduct v- вести, проводить

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cost n - стоимость installation n - установка, сборка

duration n - продолжительность involved p . II - связанный, рассмат-

enough adv - достаточно, довольно риваемый, имеющий место

entire a - полный, целый rapidly adv - быстро

exist n - существовать represent v- представлять, олицет-

fulfilment n - выполнение, осуще- ворять

ствление, исполнение stimulate v - возбуждать, индуци-

single a - один, одиночный ровать

suggest v - предлагать, советовать treatment n - обработка

tool n - инструмент, орудие, сред- vary v- менять, изменять

ство weapon n - оружие

to meet the demands,the requirements - удовлетво­рять требованиям in order to - для того чтобы power plant - силовая установка, электростанция

TEXT 10A

Прочитайте текст и найдите абзацы, где говорится о применении лазеров. Переведите.

Laser

In the "War of Worlds" written before the turn of the century H. Wells told a fantastic story of how Martians almost invaded our Earth. Their weapon was a mysterious "sword of heat". Today Wells' sword of heat has come to reality in the laser. The name stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

Laser, one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, produces an intensive beam of light of a very pure single colour. It represents the fulfilment of one of the mankind's oldest dreams of technology to provide a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the ^hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It can indeed make lead run like water, or, when focused, it can vaporize any substance on earth. There is no material unamenable to laser treatment and by the end of 2000 laser will have become one of the main technological tools.

The applications of laser in industry and science are so many and so varied as to suggest magic . Scientists in many countries are working at a very interesting problem: combining the two big technological discoveries of the second half of the 20-th century - laser and thermonuclear reaction - to produce a practically limitless source of

energy. Physicists of this country have developed large laser installations to conduct physical experiments in heating thermonuclear fuel with laser beams. There also exists an idea to use laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. The laser beam must heat the fuel to the required temperature so quickly that the plasma does not have time to disintegrate. According to current estimates, the duration of the pulse has to be approximately a thousand-millionth of a second. The light capacity of this pulse would be dozens of times greater than the capacity of all the world's power plants. To meet such demands in practice scientists and engineers must work hard as it is clear that a lot of difficulties are to be encountered on route .

The laser's most important potential may be its use in communica-tions.The intensity of a laser can be rapidly changed to encode very complex signals. In principle, one laser beam, vibrating a billion times faster than ordinary radio waves, could carry the radio, TV and telephone messages of the world simultaneously. In just a fraction of a second, for example, one laser beam could transmit the entire text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Besides, there are projects to use lasers for long distance communicat-ion and for transmission of energy to space stations, to the surface of the Moon or to planets in the solar system. Projects have also been suggested to place lasers aboard Earth satellites nearer to the Sun in order to trans-form the solar radiation into laser beams, with this transformed energy subsequently transmitted to the Earth or to other space bodies. These projects have not yet been put into effect , because of the great technolo-gical difficulties to be overcome and therefore the, great cost involved. But there is no doubt that in time these projects will be realized and the laser beam will begin operating in outer space as well.

Notes to the Text

1. to provide - получать

2. unamenable - неподдающийся

3. as to suggest magic - можно принять за чудо

4. on route - на пути

5. put into effect - осуществлять

6. in time - со временем

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 8. Просмотрите текст 10А и ответьте на вопросы: 1. What is this text about? 2. What does the word "laser" mean? 3. What is laser: is it a device or some phenomenon? 4. Who was the

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first to write about laser? 5. What writer from this country wrote a book about laser? 6. What can laser do? 7. Where can it be used? 8. What other uses do you know?

Упражнение 9. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 10А. Неправильные утверждения исправьте:

1. Laser means "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". 2. Laser produces an intensive beam of light. 3. In the next few years laser will become one of the main technological tools.

4. Martians almost invaded the Earth before the turn of the century.

5. Laser and thermonuclear reaction can produce a limited source of energy. 6. The laser beam heats the fuel so quickly that the plasma disintegrates. 7. There are projects to transform lunar radiation into beams. 8. The laser beam will begin operating in outer space.

Упражнение 10. Найдите в тексте ЮЛ инфинитивы в функции части сказуемого и обстоятельства цели (см. 3-й и 5-й абзацы).

Упражнение 11. Найдите предложения, где инфинитив является определением, дополнением:

1. То design, construct and operate a laser system is a great technological achievement. 2. To protect the water resources, forests and atmosphere several laws were passed in Russia in the 1970's. 3. A very interesting problem is to produce a practically limitless source'of energy. 4. There are projects to use lasers for long distance communication. 5. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy. 6. To combine laser and thermonuclear reaction is a very interesting problem for the scientists in many countries. 7. To conduct physical experiments with laser beams Russian physicists have developed large laser installations. 8. Some Western experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution. 9. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams. 10. A special design bureau in St. Petersburg was the first in the world to develop production of superlong escalators. 11. To put some projects with lasers in operation great technological difficulties must be overcome. 12. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is to lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials. 13. Signals to be measured must be strong enough.

Упражнение 12. Укажите, чем выражено определение, переведите:

1. The new system developed increased the safety and efficiency of a car. 2. The laser's most important potential use may be its long distance communication applications. 3. Provided the problem of using laser for controlled thermonuclear reaction were solved, the capacity of the pulse received would be much greater than all the world's power plant capacity. 4. All a pilot needs to do is to tune to radio transmitters

and he will get direction signals he needs. 5. One of the problems scientists are working at is to transmit energy to space stations by using lasers. 6. Laser provides a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resi-stant materials. 7. A hypersonic aircraft will require complicated cooling measures because of the extreme temperatures appearing. 8. A new electronic device to be installed in the car's panel will calculate how far one can drive on the fuel left. 9. The hardest materials laser beam is aimed at vaporize within a fraction of a second. 10. Aircraft designers are interested in all kinds of new materials that are strong enough to be used for high-speed airliners. 11. Noise and vibration are also the problems to be faced by designers of hypersonic craft. 12. Besides, there is one more problem to be studied - that of surface cooling. 13. The ordinary aircraft windows would make the future superliner structure too weak to withstand great stresses developed. 14. Every student of Cambridge is to go to his tutor once a week to discuss with him the work done.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ Упражнение 13. Определите части речи по суффиксам и префиксам:

encode, capacity, disintegrate, emission, widen, intensive, incredible, defence, stranger, reality, strengthen, fulfilment, indestructible, amplification, substance, entirely, vaporize.

Упражнение 14. Назовите производные от следующих слов и переведите их: limit, transmit, approximate, success, science, relate. Упражнение 15. Найдите английские эквиваленты:

устанавливать - installment, installation, install; различие, разница - differ, difference, different; распадаться - desintegrator, disintegration, disintegrate; применимый - application, applicable, apply; укреплять - strong, strength, strengthen; эффективно - efficient, efficiency, efficiently; усилитель - amplification, amplifier, amplify.

Упражнение 16. Найдите

а) синонимы:

rapidly, sophisticated, to conduct, demand, almost, quickly, to carry out, approximately , opportunity,requirement, also, use, to fulfill, complex, as well, to realize, application, possibility;

б) антонимы:

further, integrate, cooling, outside,powerless, uncontrolled, limited, disintegrate, nearer, capable, limitless, controlled, incapable, powerful, heating, inside.

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Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность make и light :

What makes a soap bubble (мыльный пузырь) rise and fall. If a soap bubble does not break at once, it will begin to fall. Why? To explain this we must remember a balloon which is filled with hot air. It rises for some time and then it falls again. A balloon rises because the hot air inside it is lighter than the air round it, and as it is lighter, it must rise. When the air inside a balloon cools, the weight of the balloon itself makes it fall. A soap bubble is really a little balloon filled with hot air. This air is much lighter than the air outside. It can carry the weight of the water which makes the skin of the soap bubble. But this can not last for a long time, because the skin of the soap bubble is very thin. The bubble becomes as cool as the air around it and it begins to fall. It is interesting to know that the early experiments with balloons were based on soap bubbles.

Упражнение 18. Переведите:

There is a large garage on Seventh Street that provides work for eleven men. There is.one man who meets the customers. There are two other men who take care of batteries. There is another man who washes cars. There are three other men who sell gas and oil. There is another man who repairs timers. There are two men who work with engines and there is one man who sells tires. There is no better place for automobile service.

Упражнение 19. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be :

I ... now in the garage on Seventh Street. There ... three cars here. One ... a Ford. There ... a man in it. He ... buying a tire. One car ... a Buick. There ... five people in it. There ... a third car. A man and his wife ... in it. Their battery ... dead. The two battery men ... looking at it. "I ... sure you will have to rent a battery", one man says. "We ... a long way from home", the man in the car answers. "We ... not here often. We must buy a battery. There ... nothing else to do".

Упражнение 20. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их: chosen, fed, costing, put, overcome, coming.

Упражнение 21. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря:

То understand why light from the laser is so concentrated you must know that light travels in waves. Ordinary white light is made up of many wavelengths travelling in every direction. Laser light is essentially of one wavelength, with all the waves moving in one direction. Because the laser wavelengths intensify each other, they can remain in an unbelievably straight beam for a long distance. Almost any

substance can be forced to "lase" if you work hard enough with it. Gas lasers give off continuous beams of light. Tiny semiconductor lasers may be especially useful in computers for transmitting signals to replace the use of cables. Many lasers can give off invisible radiation, either infrared or ultraviolet.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:

1. What is a laser? (a device producing an intensive beam of light). 2. What is its principle of operation? (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). 3. What light is produced by a laser? (light of pure single colour). 4. What can be done by means of a laser? (vaporizing the hardest materials). 5. What materials can be treated with a laser? (practically any material and any substance). 6. What is the most promising use of laser? (the use in all kinds of communication). 7. What prevents putting into effect the projects to use laser more widely in space? (great technological difficulties and great cost involved).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts:

1. must heat the fuel to the required temperature very quickly.

2. very wide application.

3. hard to overcome numerous
technological difficulties.

4. is not an easy task.

5. to use a laser for solving the prob­lem of controlled thermonuclear reaction.

6. laser and thermonuclear reac­tion to produce a limitless source of energy.

7.thanthecapacityofall theworld's power plants.

•Exercise 3. Read and learn:

I Want to Read Faster

Mary: I've read a detective story. It wasn't very good so I

wasted (тратить время) much time. Jane: Oh, it takes me now not more than an hour to read

a novel.
M.: Really?

J.: Two months ago it would have taken me about two days.

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It is a pity you didn't join me when I was taking

speed-reading course.
M.: Two things hold me back.Doubts that any system could

radically and permanently increase my speed. And money

for the courses.
J.: But I thought that if I could double my speed the sum

wouldn't be so much. M.: Sure, you are right. By the way, some authorities say it

isn't reading. Though a lot of unread newspapers, books and magazines about the house might fall on me. My present

work day reading is 200 words per minute, it is very
slow. How are those speed reading courses?
J.: Great, today 50,000 students a year take these courses.

M.: How long does this course last?
J.: Eight weeks, a 2.5 hour session a week plus an hour

a day drill.
M.: What is your speed now?
J.: The final test showed that my speed was 1520 w.p.m.

The book was the same we have used for our entrance exam.

M.: But you can lose the technique

J.: It is another question. The only wide survey (опрос) of

ex-students - 1800 of them - showed that after a year

one third of the people weren't using the method at all.

Another third said they use it sometimes and that

probably they have kept speed. But the rest of the

students said they were reading faster than a year later.

Answer the following questions:

l.Are you a fast or a slow reader?

2.1n what situations can fast reading be useful in your opinion?

3.Would you like to improve your reading speed? Why?

4.Can all books be read quickly? Why(not)?

Exercise 4. Comment on the following statement:

Every student ought to be able to read very fast.