8. Having been tested the computer system was installed at a plant.
9. The night-vision system designed will be available in the 1990's.
10. The synthetic magnet has a lot of valuable qualities that can be
changed, if wished. 11. Recently there appeared battery-powered cars.
12. The radar used was of a completely new design. 13. Having been
heated the substance changed its properties. 14. Being provided with
batteries an electric car can develop a speed of 50 miles an hour.
15. When mass produced, electric cars will help solve ecological prob
lems of big cities. 16. A defect undetected caused an accident.
17. Though first developed for military purposes radar can be used
in modern cars.
Упражнение 19. Найдите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом, переведите:
1. The first engines appeared in the 17-th century and people began using them to operate factories, irrigate land, supply water to towns, etc. 2. The steam engine having been invented in 1825, a self-propelled vehicle was built. 3. The supply of steam in the car lasting only 15 minutes, the vehicle had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam. 4. After the German engineer N. Otto had invented the gasoline engine, the application of this engine in motor cars began in many countries. 5. The cars at that time were very small, the engine being placed under the seat. 6. Motorists had to carry a supply of fuel, because there were no service stations. 7. Brakes having become more efficient, cars achieved greater reliability. 8. Cars with internal combustion engines having appeared,the automobile industry began developing rapidly. 9. By 1960 the number of cars in the world had reached 60 million.no other industry having ever developed so quickly.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 20. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся следующие слова:
dangerous, automotive, longitudinal, automatically, present, nature,
motorist, enrol, enrolment, guidance, average, current, ignition,
diagonally, calculate, impossible, graduate, village, public, garage,
useful, usefulness.
Упражнение 21. Переведите слова, учитывая значение суффикса -erl-pr: driver, sensor, starter, monitor, microprocessor, detector, transistor, carburetor, user, transmitter, lecturer, generator.
Упражнение 22. Назовите производные слова от следующих глаголов:
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navigate, generate, stimulate, estimate, innovate, investigate, regulate.
Упражнение 23. Напишите исходную форму, по которой нужно искать следующие слова в словаре:
companies, easier, accordingly, better, creating, biggest, cried.
Упражнение 24. Сгруппируйте из следующих слов пары
а) синонимов:
regulate, modern, want, select, use, current, wish, average, adjust, choose, mean, apply;
б) антонимов:
unbelievable, cooling, continuous, passable, heating, believable, discontinuous, impassable.
Упражнение 25. Запомните значения слова since :
1. Since 1770 there were many brilliant inventions in the automobile industry. 2. The progress of motor cars in Great Britain was stopped since there were severe speed limits. 3. In early days many of the cars broke since transmissions were still unreliable and often went out of operation. 4. Since conventional headlights are not very effective, a new system has to be developed. 5. Since the French engineer Gugnot invented the first self-propelled vehicle in 1770, the automobile industry developed very rapidly. 6. The number of chemical elements known to science has grown considerably since Mendeleyev created his Periodic Table in 1871.
Упражнение 26. Запомните значение слова too перед прилагательным: 1. The task is too difficult for them. 2. The size of the device is too big now. 3. The difference in temperatures was too great. 4. The old system is too complicated. 5. A sensor mechanism for a car is too large at present.
Упражнение 27. Запомните значения слова future , further :
1. In future it will be possible to use more channels on every TV set via satellite and cable TV. 2. Scientists throughout the world were quick to realize the importance of radio and contributed much to its further development. 3. The subjects that the students study in the first and the second years are very important for their future speciality. 4. The use of computers in cars is a further step in improving safety on the road.
Упражнение 28. Заполните пропуски словами only или the only : 1. The Earth is ... planet having liquid water. 2. It is useful to remember that the industrial revolution began ... at the end of the
18-th century. 3..... way to achieve good results is to apply one's
knowledge to practical work. 4. The revolution in science and technology affects not ... economically developed countries, but also developing countries. 5. Multi-cylinder engines came into use ... after World War 1.
T
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 |
1. There is already a number of modern vehicles. |
| 2. For example, a small 3. A passenger 4. With an automatic guidance 5. It will be possible 6. All these innovations will become possible because of 7. Computers, electronic instrument panels, radars, adjusting devices, etc. are playing |
6. The motor car has not ... brought mobility to millions of people, but also has polluted the atmosphere. 7. Weightlessness can be created on Earth, but ... for a few seconds. 8 .... requirement for plastic steel is that it must be rich in carbon. 9. The Library of Congress serves not ... to Members of the Congress, but also to libraries throughout the US and the world.
Упражнение 29. Заполните пропуски формами глагола to have (has, have, had, hasn't, haven't, hadn't):
"I ... a good car for sale. It ... many extra parts. It ... a good speedometer and four new tires. It ... a new spare (запасная) tire too." "... it its original ратКкраска)?" "No, it., its original paint. It ... new paint on it. It looks new." "I .... a good offer for it yesterday, but the man ... very little cash. I want cash (наличные деньги)." "... it a good engine?" "Yes, it ... an excellent engine. It ... any weak places in it. Engines that ... weak places in them are always in the garage." "I ... an idea you will sell your car." "I ... two good offers yesterday. One man ... all cash. But he doesn't look like an honest man. I ... no desire to do business with him."
Упражнение 30. Замените придаточные предложения причастным оборотом: 1. While Boris was driving home he saw an accident. 2. After we had talked with Peter we felt much better. 3. When John arrived at the station he saw the train leave. 4. After he had left the house he walked to the nearest metro station.
5. When I looked out the window I saw Mary coming. 6. As we finished our part of the work we were free to go home. 7. As Ann had had no time to write us a letter she sent a telegram.
Упражнение 31. Дайте недостающие формы следующих i л а гол он, запомните их:
driven, learning, said, setting, buy, ridden.
Упражнение 32. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря:
A new vacuum-controlled constant velocity carburetor developed by an American company offers several advantages over ordinary carburetors, including 25 per cent gasoline economy, improved engine performance and easier starting. The device having only 54 parts compared with some 300 in conventional carburetors has no choke (дроссель). It constanty adjusts the mixture of fuel and air, which cannot be done in usual carburetors. Provided with special mechanism the carburetor helps the engine turn on at once in cold weather. Though developed quite recently it is already being used by cars and other kinds of public transport," With diesel engine becoming almost standard equipment, the vacuurn carburetor will never be used on new cars. It may be said that present-day carburetors are a dinosaur and
in 20 years there won't be any more. But there are some countries which are interested in importing the device as a replacement for existing carburetors.
CONVERSATION
Exercise I. Answer the questions:
1. What are the main problems of public transport? (a new type of vehicle and its much more efficient use) 2. What type of modern vehicle may become a usual means of transport in the future? (a small electric car) 3. What is the possible development in private cars? (the use of an automatic guidance system) 4. What electric devices are used in modern cars? (a computer, fuel adjusting devices, electronic instrument panel for indicating the speed, time, distance covered and fuel left) 5. What is the main function of a radar for a car? (detecting all possible dangers ahead of the vehicle on a road) 6. What unusual feature will a new generation car have? (four-wheel control system ensuring diagonal and side movement) 7. What materials are used in current automotive design? (ceramics)
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts:
1. goes out into the street, finds an empty car, gets into it, drives to his destination, gets out and leaves the car for the next passenger.
2. there may be no need to drive these cars.
3. which may become a usual means of transport in the future.
4. increasingly wide use of modern microelectronics in cars.
5. many problems of public transport.
6. an important part in current car design.
7. to switch over to automatic driving, as we do in ships and aircrafts today.
Exercise 3. Read and learn:
Bob's New Used Car
John: This is the car that Bob bought from M. Adams.
Bill: I didn't even know that he had bought a car. When did he
tell you that he had bought it?
J: He told me yesterday that he had bought it two days earlier.
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В: Do you know how much he paid for the car?
J.: Well, he said he had paid 800 dollars for it.
В.: I wonder why he bought an old car? I didn't think he needed
a car.
J.: Well, I suppose he will use it for his new job.
В.: Do you think the car is in good condition?
J.: He told me that the car was in perfect condition. The tires
are practically new. The new generator works perfectly.
Frankly (откровенно говоря) I think that it was a good
bargain (выгодная покупка, хорошая сделка).
В.: I believe you are right.
J.: I haven't mentioned that the car had been driven only 25,000
miles. Also, the covers (чехлы) which are on the front seats
are new. They are made of material that can be washed.
В.: Now I want to see how well the car really runs.
J.: O.K. Let's ask Bob when he is going for a ride. Then we can
see whether or not the car runs well.
В.: Do you know if Bob is going to come back here soon?
J.: Yes, I'm sure he'll be back right away(cpa3y, немедленно).
В.: By the way (между прочим), can you tell me where Bob is
keeping his car?
J.: He is using the garage of the people living next door.
Exercise 4. Speak about:
1. Public transport of the future.
2. The application of electronics in modern cars.
3. The latest innovations in car design.
Use exercises 1,2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: one thing is certain, to be much more efficient, to be in common use, to select a destination, to monitor, the size of a pack of cigarettes, to look like, to warn of objects ahead of the vehicle, to design, to get information, while driving, to make of.
Exercise 5. Comment on the following statement:
It is natural that everybody should want to have a car.
One point of view: It is convenient, saving time, avoiding crowded buses and other city transport, independent, comfortable, useful at week-ends, contact with nature, developing the sense of responsibility, improving the level of technological culture.
A contrary point of view: Expensive, traffic jams (пробки в уличном движении), difficulties with repairs and maintenance, pollution, lack of physical exercise, takes more time than it saves, road accidents, waste of energy resources, the unbearable situation in many cities, especially in supercities.
Exercise 6. Read and smile:
On the Bus
It was during the rush-hour (часы пик). As usual, all the seats in the bus were occupied. When a good-looking young lady got in, an
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elderly man sitting near the door wanted to rise, but the lady at once pressed him to keep his seat. "Thank you", she said, "I don't mind standing." "But, madam, permit me ...". "I insist upon your sitting down," she stopped him, and putting her hands on his shoulders she almost forced him back into his seat.
The man tried again to stand up and said, "Madam, will you allow me to ..." But once more the lady said, "I don't wish to take your seat, sir!" and forced him back with another push.
With a great effort the man finally pushed her aside. "Madam, he called out." I don't care whether you take my seat or not. The bus has already taken me two stops beyond my destination, and now I wish to get out."
A good-looking lady-motorist was speeding through the sleepy village when a policeman stepped out on the road in front of her and forced her to stop. "What have I done?" she asked. "You were travelling forty miles an hour," replied the policeman. "Forty miles an hour!" cried the lady-motorist in surprise, "I have left my house only 20 minutes ago."
TEXT 7B
Прочитайте текст и заполните таблицу, пользуясь информацией из текста:
| Car design innovations since 1770 | The latest car electronic systems | Their advantages | Their disadvantages |
| 1. 2. |
Используя таблицу, расскажите по-английски о наиболе важных усовершенствованиях в конструкции автомобиля с момента его изобретения. О каких последних достижениях в области конструирования автомобилей вы знаете?
Какая информация в тексте наиболее интересна с вашей точки зрения и почему?
Car of Future
Ever since Nicolas Cugnot, a Frenchman, invented the first self-propelled road vehicle in 1770 there has been no shortage of companies willing to make a better automobile. Over years their efforts have given users the gasoline engine (дизель), the electric starter, tubeless» tires (бескамерная шина), fuel-injected engines and anti-lock brakes (тормоз с антиблокировочным устройством), these are only a few innovations. What is next? Here are some examples of what the car designers are working at in the world today.
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Engineers are experimenting with a state-of-art (новейший) system that enables drivers to see better after dark. This "night vision" system uses infrared sensors that can detect a human figure at night more than 1,600 feet away. That's five times the distance at which conventional headlights are effective. The sensors pick up infrared rays emitted by any object that gives off heat. An image-processing system scans the information from the sensors, creating different images for different objects. The images are then displayed on a cathode - ray screen built-in a car's instrument panel. It is like black-and-white photograph of an object ahead. And the system is passive, which means no lights are needed to illuminate the object in front of the vehicle. But the biggest problem will be reducing costs and the other one is the size of the sensor mechanism which is too big now.
One of the latest applications of sophisticated electronics is the wheel-computerized system that not only monitors air pressure in automobile tires but adjusts it automatically. This system in addition enables a driver to set tire pressure while seated. The system developed consists of three separate modules. The first is the instrument panel display which houses the system's main microprocessor, programming buttons (кнопка включения программы) and warning signals. The second component is the detector drive module (модуль привода) which is essentially four microchips attached, in one unit, to the chassis. Each chip detecting pressure changes that may occur, the transistors within the module signal the third component - a programmable transducer (программируемый преобразователь).
The transducer attached to each wheel changes the tire pressure accordingly. However, some automobile experts think this system is too complicated and costly. The design has to be simple and of low cost.
TEXT7C
Прочитайте. Расскажите по-английски основное содержание текста. Talking Instrument Panels
For a few years now some of the most advanced new automobiles have been equipped with instrument panels that can "speak" providing instrument readings or safety warnings from special electronic circuits.
In a polite female voice, the device will report on engine oil pressure, parking-brake and headlight operation, seat belt connection, totalling 14 different functions. The driver can even program the Voice Warning System to announce the time or to give a low-fuel warning for any preset gas tank level.
The heart of the Voice Warning System is a microprocessor-based electronic speech module made by National Semiconductor Corporation (US). The device requires the connection of 18 wires* but it is simple enough to install in a car.
TEXT 7 D
Прочитайте текст. Используя слова и выражения из текста, опишите свое состояние перед экзаменом.
Testing Times
Exam stress doesn't occur most strongly during the actual exams but in the few weeks just before them. The climax is usually the night before when last minute preparations confirm your worst fears ( страх ). There are, however, some simple ways of dealing with the problem.
First, one must know that the night before is too late to do anything. Much better to go to a dance, for a walk, to the pictures or to play a game rather than increase stress by frantic efforts to plug in gaps ( затыкать пробелы ) in your knowledge.
The brain is a complex bio-electrical machine which, like a computer, can be overloaded. It does not work continuously. When you study, your brain reaches its maximum efficiency about five minutes you start work, stays at it for about ten minutes and then it is down. Indeed, after thirty minutes your attention wonders ( отвлекаться ), your memory shuts off, and boredom ( скука ) sets in.
For this reason, the best way to study is in half-hour sessions with gaps in between of about the same length. It even helps to change subjects and not keep at the same one, since it reduces the boredom factor.
Study stress was experienced by Isaak Newton, the greatest mathematical genius, and by Einstein. Newton had a depression after his efforts on gravity.
Einstein had no such difficulty: he would break off and go sailing or play violin - not very well, he said, but it was very comforting.
The lesson here is clear. To avoid exam stress you have to tell that what you are doing is fun ( забава ) and the best way to do this is to treat revision as a game. If you stimulate your brain with short, snappy ( энергичный ) sessions, you will be surprised how quick and sharp you are. A laugh with friends or a walk through the country is really giving your mind the recreation it needs.
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LESSON 8
| Герунди{ | [ | |
| Значение | as и by | |
| Суффикс | -ize (-ise) | |
| Префикс | over- | |
| Text 8A. | A New Era for Aircraft | |
| Text 8B. | The Return of the Dirigibles | |
| Text 8C. | Off the Ground: How do We Find Where We are | Going? |
| Text 8D. | New York |
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Найдите в следующих предложениях герундий по его признакам, переведите предложения:
1. On detecting danger on the road, the computer signals the
driver. 2. Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the
purpose of the "night vision system". 3. One of the main problems
of a driver on the road is keeping the speed constant and watching
the cars ahead. 4. A new device for monitoring and adjusting air
pressure in tires has recently been developed. 5. Before starting a car
one must examine it carefully. 6. Computers are widely used for
controlling all kinds of processes. 7. Alexander Bell's being a teacher
of deaf people influenced his interest in sound and its transmission.
8. Starting a car one must be very attentive. 9. Samuel Morse's hobby
was experimenting with electricity.
Упражнение 2. Определите формы и функции герундия:
4 1. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose.\/2. Newton's having made a mistake in his calculations' has no influence on his theory. 3. Supercomputer is able of performing one billion operations a second. 4. On being turned on the radar will warn the driver about stationary or slow-moving objects on the road.v5. Upon being heated the molecules begin moving very rapidly. 6. The white line in the centre of the road is one of the most effective means of controlling traffics. On graduating from the Moscow
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Higher Technical School S.P.Korolev began working in the field of rocket design. 8. The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions. $. Monitoring and adjusting air pressure in tires is one of the new developments of the car designers. 10. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technologocal problems without using supercomputers. у 11. On seeing a red light on a panel and on hearing a warning sound the driver should decrease the speed.\/l2. By picking up infrared rays emitted by objects ahead of the car an image-processing system produces different images of objects. 13. On studying for half an hour before an exam one should switch over to some other activity.
Упражнение З. Объясните значения выделенных слов, переведите:
1. When the first self-propelled vehicles appeared measures were taken to limit their speed in many countries. 2. His having measured the distance will enable him to calculate the intensity of light. 3. The universal system of measures and weights was worked out by the French Academy of Science in 1791. 4. The distance from the North Pole to the Equator was measured, one-fourth was taken and divided into ten million equal parts. One of these parts was called a «measure» or «a meter».
1. One of the earliest ideas to propel a vehicle using mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. 2. Having used a steam-driven engine a French engineer built a three-wheeled vehicle for two passengers. 3. At the end of the last century the use of cars was still very limited. 4. Constant efforts are made to use standart components for the cars. 5. The use of multi-cylinder engines greatly increased the speed of cars. 6. N. Otto having used the gasoline engine,motor cars got the standard shape and appearence.
1. Many times Alexander Bell wanted to stop his experiments being unable to get any results. 2. Since ancient times people dreamt of flying. 3. Four times five is equal to twenty. 4. There is much more lithium on the earth than zinc, 130 times more than cadium. 5. The magnesium-lithium alloy is 1.5 times lighter than aluminium and 4.5 times lighter than iron.
Упражнение 4. Укажите различные значения as :
1. People no longer think of radio and television as something fantastic. 2. It was necessary to lay cables across the Atlantic Ocean, as there was no radio or satellites at that time. 3. Rocketlaunching,
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concerts, football and tennis matches can be seen on TV as they occur. 4. As the operation of integrated circuits depends on microscopic components, the purity of all material at the plant must be very high. 5. One can see that there is no principal difference between iron and copper as conductors. 6. President T. Jefferson offered his personal library as the basis for the national library.
7. It is difficult for the first-year students to study at the institute
as they do not know yet how to organize their work and time. 8. No
system of the past was as simple as the metric system. 9. Such
metals as iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more magnetic than
any other known substances. 10. Cryogenic fuels such as liquid
hydrogen are used to cool the aircraft surface. 11. Metallurgists are
trying to make composite materials as strong and light as possible.
12. Measures must be taken to keep Moscow air as clean as possible.
13. Engineers are working at the problem of making computers as small as possible.
Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, учитывая различные значения предлога by :
1. It should be said that according to estimates the production of materials in space is to bring 60 billion dollars by the year 2000. 2. The best way to study before the exam is by changing one's activity every 30 minutes. 3. The first self-propelled vehicle in Russia was made by Kulibin in the 18-th century. 4. Driving a new Japanese car a driver will find his way even in Sahara by switching over to a navigation Earth satellite. 5. By 1960 the number of cars in the world has reached 60 million. 6. A driver may avoid collisions on the road by using a radar system. 7. Newton's great work "Principia" was published by Halley, the famous astronomer, out of his own pocket.
8. The cosmonauts were told to increase their daily exercise by 30
minutes.
Упражнение б . а ) Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний : a new form of supersonic transport, prospective model, elongated fuselage, without horizontal stabilizer, cover the distance, less than two hours, overall length, overall aircraft weight, at high velocities, lower atmosphere, the skin is heated, the only way out, one of the ways, combined engines, combined with, as economical as possible.
единственный выход, комбинированные двигатели, менее двух часов, без горизонтального стабилизатора, нижние слои атмосферы, один из путей, удлиненный фюзеляж, общий вес самолета, обшивка нагревается, на больших скоростях, общая длина, как можно более экономично, перспективная модель, новый вид сверхзвукового транспорта, в сочетании с, покрывать расстояние.
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б) Переведите:
today's aircraft, ordinary aircraft, ordinary aircraft windows, passenger liner, future superliners of such a class, reliable hypersonic plane, look like a rocket, five times above the speed of sound, diameter of the fuselage, the front of the cabin, the skin is heated to a very high temperature, highly economical engines, new generation model.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Упражнение 7. Образуйте и переведите производные слова согласно образцу:
прилагательное или существительное + ize/ ise = глагол special-специальный -* specialize - специализировать?ся)
computer, ideal, crystal, central;
префикс over- (сверх-; пере-)
to heat - нагревать -* to overheat — перегревать
production, active, grow, estimate.
Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и переведите следующие интернациональные слова:
aviation, airplane, project, passenger, liner, model ['modi), fuselage ['fju:zila:3], horizontal stabilizer ['steibilaiza ], rocket, distance, meter ['mi:ta], diameter [dai'iemita], cabin, technological, problem, thermodynamics ['0a:maudai'memiks ], aerodynamics [earaudai'namiksl, percent, efficiency [i'fi/ansi], extreme [iks'tri:m J, temperature f'temprit/э ], cryogenic ['kraiadjenik].
Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов: supersonic ['sju:pa'sonik J, hypersonic ['haipa'sanik |, Paris ['paris], Tokyo ['taukjau], plane [plein |, hours fauas |, reliable [ri'laiabl], combined [kam'baind |, engine |'end3in|, hcal-insulaling |hi:t insju'leiting |, extreme |iks'tri:m|, generate |'djensreit \. generation, in general, require |ri'kwaia |, fuel |fjual |, liquid |'li:kwid |. hydrogen ['haidrid3an |, surface fsa-.fisl vaporize ['veiperaiz |, inject [indsekt], combustion |kam'bAl/an |, chamber f't/eimba J, pcr-centage [pa'sentidj].
Слова и словосочетания для запоминания
amount n - количество efficiency n - производительность,
announce v- объявлять, заявлять КПД , эффективность
combine v-сочетать(ся), комби- e.g. (for example) - например
нировать(ся), объединять(ся) expect v- ожидать, предполагать
combined with - в сочетании с extreme a - крайний, чрезвычай-
ный
Ida
combustion n - горение friction n - трение
complicated p.p. - сложный fuel n - топливо
conventional a - обычный, стан- heat v-нагревать(ся)
дартный inject v- впрыскивать, вводить
currently adv - в настоящее время mainly adv - главным образом
disadvantage n - недостаток structure n - конструкция, струк-
measure n - мера тура
noise n - шум substitute v - заменять
overall a - полный, общий vaporize v - испарять (ся)
overcome v - преодолевать velocity я - скорость
resistance n - сопротивление
stress n - напряжение
apart from - помимо, кроме
way out - выход
TEXT 8A
Прочитайте текст по абзацам. Назовите основные рассмотренные в них вопросы и озаглавьте их. Скажите, какие абзацы можно объединить под одним заглавием. Переведите текст.
A New Era for Aircraft
Aviation experts expect that today's aircraft will begin to be replaced with some new form of supersonic transport by the year 2000. A 21-st century hypersonic aircraft may open a new age of aircraft design.
The designers of this country displayed the project of such a supersonic passenger liner among the prospective models at the latest Aerospace Salon held on the old Le Bourget airfield1 in ParisT'Xn elongated fuselage with a sharp nose and without a horizontal stabilizer makes it look more like a rocket. The speed matches the looks2. This plane will fly at a speed five to six times above the speed of sound, e.g., it will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. The diameter of the fuselage will be 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters, with the cabin accomodating 300 passengers. The future superplanes of such a class will have no windows, but the passengers can enjoy3 watching the panorama of the Earth on the TV monitor at the front of the cabin. They will fly so fast that ordinary aircraft windows would make the structure too weak to withstand the stresses at such a speed. At high velocities the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is so great that the skin is heated to very high temperature. The only way out is to fly higher. Therefore, airliners' routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere.
In general, to build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to overcome a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties. Apart from creating highly economical combined engines and heat-insulating materials4, designers have to make such an amount of thermodynamic computations that can't be performed without using supercomputers.One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is lightening the aircraft by substituting new composite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting for5 less than 5 per cent of the overall aircraft weight, the percentage of composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation models. An extensive use of new materials combined with better aerodynamics and engines will allow increasing fuel efficiency by one-third .
Because of the extreme temperatures generated by atmosphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated cooling measures. One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, as both coolants7 and propellants. The fuel flowing through the aircraft's skin, would cool the surfaces as it vaporizes before being injected into combustion chamber.
* In addition, specialists in many countries are currently working on new propeller engines considered much more economical and less noisy than jets. The only disadvantage is that propeller planes fly slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been announced that specialists succeeded in solving this problem. As a result a ventilator engine with a propeller of ten fibre-glass blades has been built, each being five meters long. It will be mounted in the experimental passenger plane.
Notes to the Text:
1. Le Bourget airfield - аэропорт Ле Бурже
2. the looks - внешний вид
3. can enjoy - с удовольствием <зд.)
4. heat-insulating materials - теплоизолирующие материалы
5. accounting for - составляя
6. by one-third - на одну треть
7. coolant - охлаждающая жидкость
8. succeeded in - удалось
Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст 8А и ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is this text about? 2. What aircraft was displayed in Paris?
3. What are the characteristics of the new liner? 4. What are the
difficulties in building a hypersonic plane?
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Упражнение II. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста 8А. Неправильные утверждения исправьте:
1. Today's aircraft will be replaced with a new form of supersonic transport by the year 2000. 2. The new hypersonic aircraft that looks like a rocket will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. 3. The future superliner of this class will have large windows that will allow passengers to watch the panorama of the Earth. 4. Airliner's routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere because the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is too great.
5. Designers can easily make all the necessary thermodynamic
calculations to build a reliable hypersonic plane.. 6. It is possible to
lighten the aircraft by substituting conventional metal alloys by new
composite materials. 7. Cryogenic fuels are used as both coolants and
propellants. 8. The great advantage of propeller planes is that they
fly faster than jet planes.
Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте 8А герундий <см. 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы).
Упражнение 13. Найдите герундий в функции обстоятельства, переведите пред ложения:
1. Flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo on board a new supersonic craft will take two hours. 2. On examining the car before starting on a long journey a driver can be sure that he will get to his destination without accidents. 3. By summing up the information about the speed and distance of various objects on the road, the computer detects all possible danger. 4. A superliner of a new kind will be capable of flying at five times above the speed of the sound. 5. The only way of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities is flying higher.
6. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for compressing the air
before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. 7. In future in
switching over to the new Earth satellite a driver can be sure of coming
safely to his destination. 8. Cryogenic fuels will vaporize before being
injected into combustion chamber. 9. In flowing over the aircraft's
surface the fuel cools its skin. 10. On reaching its cruising speed the
supersonic liner will fly at 100,000 feet above the Earth. 11. By using
supercomputers it is possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely
complicated thermodynamic computations. 12. A new carburetor offers
easier starting in cold weather. 13. By using the automatic guidance
system a driver will be able to make long journeys without concentratring
on the road conditions. 14. It is impossible to solve economic problems
without using the achievements of the scientific and technological
revolution.
Упражнение 14. Найдите герундий в следующих парах предложений: 1. Overcoming these difficulties is not so easy as it may seem. Overcoming these difficulties the designers can increase the fuel efficiency. 2. Setting a problem the scientist makes the first step to
its solution. Setting a problem is the first step to its solution. 3. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours this superliner develops a speed five times above the speed of sound. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow on board a superliner requires about two hours. 4. Putting the discovery into practice the engineers will solve a complicated technological task. Putting the discovery into practice sometimes requires more effort than making it.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 15. Образуйте прилагательные от следующих глаголов или существительных по образцу:
move - двинуть, двигаться -» movable - подвижный
comfort, change, compare, control, program, measure.
Упражнение 16. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:
reliable, elongate, percentage, stabilizer, stabilize, prospective, carrier, brilliant, relativity, intelligent, intelligence, assistance, fuselage, mainly, encircle, departure, statement, hypersonic, liner, horizontal, powerful.
Упражнение 17. Найдите эквиваленты:
конструктор - design, designer, to design ,
стабилизировать - stabilizer, stability, stabilize
самый последний - latest, late, later
эффективный - efficient, efficiency, efficiently
характеристика, работа - perform, performing, performance
надежно - reliable, reliability, reliably
немыслимый - thinking, thinkable, unthinkable
невесомость - weightlessness, weightless, weight
Упражнение 18. Определите, являются ли следующие пары слов синонимами или антонимами:
advantage - disadvantage; to remain - to stay; reliable - unreliable;
fast - slow; apart from - besides, in addition; capable - incapable;
to begin - to start; liquid - solid; to cool - to heat; possible -
impossible; weak - strong; to build - to break; aircraft - plane; engine -
motor. ,
Упражнение 19. Запомните значения выделенных слов и словосочетаний: 1. At higher schools specialization generally begins in the third year. 2. Nowadays we generally have computers at every plant. 3. This doesn't improve the speed of transport vehicles in general and that of an automobile in particular. 4. The general principles of the design of new transport machines in general and diesel locomotives in particular
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can be found in the new magazine. 5. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the nearest future. 6. Because of the extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction a craft will require protection. 7.The generation of electric power increases every year.
Упражнение 20. Определите, какой частью речи является выделенное слово в следующих предложениях:
1. Television has a great number of uses nowadays. 2. This car uses a new sensor mechanism. 3. A.Bell wanted to build a mechanism that people could use to talk to one another over long distances. 4. The new material can be applied in manufacturing the components much smaller than those in use today. 5. The Library of Congress serves not only Members of the Congress, but researchers and scientists who use it. 6. In Russian institutes there is no charge for the use of reading rooms, laboratories arid libraries. 7. Measures to keep Moscow's air clean are important components of our ecological programme. 8. A thermometer is a device that measures temperature. 9. Computers can do many things, they can control machines in factories, cars on roads, play chess and so on. 10. Engineers are now experimenting with a system which has a computer control. 11. Computers control nearly everything we do in the modern world. 12. Today dirigibles are equipped with electronic controls.
Упражнение 21. Выберите правильное слово з скобках:
1. The car has ... (brought, brought about) mobility to millions of people, but at the same time polluted the atmosphere. 2. The scientific and technological revolution ... (brought, brought about) great changes in people's life and work. 3. A lot of people came to ... ( look at, look for) a new invention, the television set, at the World Fair in New York . 4. It was necessary ... (to look at, to look for) a more reliable method of calculation. 5. The airplane "Ruslan" can ... (carry, carry out) up to 150 tons. 6. Research is being ... (carried, carried out) for developing new composite materials to lighten aircraft structure.
Упражнение 22. Заполните пропуски предлогами by , with , for , at , in :
The steam was invented ... James Watt, who worked ... many years before he could make the instruments ... which he perfected his machine. ... first he worked ... primitive tools so he could not make his engine well-regulated. The old machine was kept going ... a boy who stood by it and let ... the air ... means of which the steam was condensed at every revolution. ... this machine, though it was imperfect, some work was done and it had been used ... a large mine-owner ( шахто владелец ) to pump out the water. The first efficient steam-engine was made ... a Burmingham firm and it was soon used...nearly every
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manufacturer. The revolution in industry made ... this machine was extremely great.
Упражнение 23. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их:
held, flown, overcome, withstanding, lain, flow, burnt.
Упражнение 24. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря:
"Even the birds aren't flying today" is an old saying used to indicate that the weather for flying is extremely bad. And for man nothing has a greater effect on flying than the weather. And because of its changing so quickly and without warning an extensive network of weather stations has been established for helping the pilots get all the information about weather. Before flying pilots may get current weather information on changing conditions along their route or at their destination. The weather reporting system helps overcoming many difficulties in flying. In winter, e.g., icing can cause the reduction of lift efficiency of airplane by changing the flow of air. Pilot's being informed about the weather allows him to avoid weather problems. The weather being too bad, pilots just stay on the ground like any wise ( опытный ) bird.
CONVERSATION Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
1. What kind of aircraft may begin a new age in aviation? (a hypersonic passenger liner).
2. What is the shape of a new liner? (an elongated fuselage with a sharp nose).
3. What distance can a new liner cover in less than two hours? (the distance between Tokyo and Moscow).
4. What are the main problems of building a reliable hypersonic liner? (developing an economical engine and new heat insulating materials combined with better aerodynamics).
5. What combined engine was developed for aTnew liner? (a ventilator propeller engine).
6. What is one of the ways to make a hypersonic liner as economical as possible? (using new composite materials).
7. What will be used for cooling a new liner? (cryogenic fuels).
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts: