Упражнения для самостоятельной работы
Упражнение 14. Определите, к какой части речи относятся производные слова и переведите их:
invent - inventor, inventive, invention;
transform - transformer, transformation;
generate - generator, generation, generative;
pollute - polluter, pollutant, pollution;
effect - effective, effectively;
vary - variety, various;
possible - impossible, possibly, possibility;
complete - completely;
recent - recently;
replace - replacement;
economic - economical, economically.
Упражнение 15. Сгруппируйте из следующих слов
а ) синонимы :
application, appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach,device, longstanding, make it possible, achieve, energy, transform, old, turn to, most recent;
б ) антонимы :
future, unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unnecessary,
without, present.
Упражнение 16. Поставьте глагол в скобках в соответствующем времени:
My brother (enter) Moscow University (long ago, already, just, next
year, last year, this year, by the end of the month, when I came to Moscow)
Упражнение 17. Найдите предложения со словами to haw , one , that ; переведите их:
Although the US is a large country with many peoples the language is almost the same wherever one goes. There are two reasons for this. Onejs that people move around a great deal in the US. A man can grow up in one part of the country, go tocollege in another place, find work in another place and marry a girl from still another part of the country.
The second important factor is public communication. Movies, radio and television all have standard way of speech. The southern part of the US is probably the region with the most individual speech. Southern pronunciation differs from that in the rest of the country. Southerns talk slowly and often do not pronounce "r" or a final "g". Another common Southern expression is the unusual use of the word "evening". In most parts of the country this means the time after the sun goes down, the early part of the night, but to a Southern it can mean any time after twelve o'clock noon. In the southern mountains there have not been new settlers from other countries for two hundred years. They have ways of speech that are like the English spoken centuries ago when the first people came there from England. Many songs they sing today are those sung long ago in England .
Упражнение 18. Поставьте глагол to be в соответствующей форме:
Today is...,..., 19...
I... at my English class. I... reading a story about Thomas A. Edison. I ... learning that his laboratories are in Orange, New Jersey. I ... glad to read about such a man as Th.A.Edison. A young inventor ... in Thomas Edison's laboratory He ... looking at an invention that... in a glass case. It ... an electrical invention. The young inventor's pencil ... in his hand. He ... drawing the part of the invention which he came there to study. An Englishman and his young son ... in Edison's laboratory. They ... looking at hundreds of inventions. Many of them ... in glass cases. The man and his son ... interested in all Mr.Edison's inventions, they ... the most interested in the electrical ones. Many of those ... in one room. Several tourists ... in this room, and among them... the Englishman and his son. The man says to one tourist. "We ... interested in electrical ones."
Упражнение 19. Вставьте предлоги to, with, about, at, for, on:
This morning father spoke ... my brother and me ... going to see our aunt this evening. It is our aunt's birthday. We wanted to surprise her family. Our mother was going to go ... us. We had to be ready ... seven o'clock. We wanted to be., our aunt's house ... seven thirty. We left... my aunt's house ... seven ... our mother and father. But the aunt was not ... home. Her children had taken herand the uncle... the theater. Welaughed: wc had a surprise party, but it was on us. We left the presents and went... a show ourselves.
We went ... Kuskovo yesterday. I went ... my mother and father. We took our lunch... us. We reached Kuskovo ...noon. Father went ...a parking station, but it was full. He went to another and then ... another. Every parking station was crowded. Father drove for a while. ... one o'clock he found a place... a car.... two o'clock our friends came, we sat down ...grass and ate our lunch. We didn't see much because too many people were there ••• Kuskovo. Next time we have a day to spend we shall go ... some other place.
Упражнение 20. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их: becoming, set up, keep, understand, spoken, showing, built, left, light.
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Упражнение 21. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря:
Before Faraday's inventions in the field of electricity and magnetism theonly source of electricity that was used was the galvanic battery. It made possible some practical applications:the electric light and electric telegraph. The practical use of electricity on a larger scale became possible after developing electromagnetic machines, generators and transformers. It is considered that the development of the induction motor has become the most important technical achievement. At first, the induction motor had a constant and unchangeable speed (скорость). Some years later a motor with two speeds was designed. Since its invention the induction motor has been considerably improved and its power increased. But the principle of operation still remains the same.
CONVERSATION Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
1. What is electricity? (a source of electric power used in every day life and industry). 2. What are the sources of electricity? (batteries, generators, electric motors and many other devices) 3. What properties of electricity have made it widely used? (electrostatics and electromagnetism) 4. What are the advantages of electricity? (clearness, easy regulation, no byproducts, low cost, improved service) 5. What are home uses of electricity? (lighting, heating, various time and labour saving appeiances, radio, television, video and many others) 6. What are the latest industrial applications of electricity? (lasers and electronic devices)
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts:
1. Electricity 1. have long ago become universal.
2. The applications of electricity in 2. has completely transformed our the home and industry everyday life.
3. Electricity was used for the first 3. per capita is an indicator of the time state of development of a nation.
4. The generator, a new source of 4. the wide industrial use of elec-electricity tricity has begun throughout the
world
5. Since the beginning of the 20-th 5. was also developed in Paris, century
6. Today consumption of electricity 6. for industrial purposes in the
silver workshops in Paris. Exercise 3. Read and learn:
A Story about Edison
Edison: Oh, Ben, I'm glad to see you. How are you? Wilson: Fine, and how are you?
Ed.: So-so. A lot of work to doJust today I've begun some important work. Oh, excuse me, meet my assistant John Smith.
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John, this is my old friend from my home town, Ben Wilson.
Smith: How do you do, Mr.Wilson?
W: How do you do, Mr.Smith? Glad to meet you.
Ed.: Will you come to my laboratory and have dinner with me and
John tonight? W.: Yes, I will. Ed.: Come at six tonight, will you? W.: I'll certainly come.
At six o'clock at the laboratory.
W.: Good evening, Tom. Good evening Mr. Smith.
S.: Good evening, Tom. Good evening Mr. Wilson. Mr. Edison is
experimenting with a microscope. All his interest is there.
Would you mind walking around for a while looking at Mr.
Edison's inventions.
W.: With pleasure.
S.: In a few minutes dinner will be brought. We usually eat our
dinner here. Don't you mind? W.: Certainly not.
S.: The dinner is ready. Let Mr. Edison know you are here.
W.: Shall we eat, Tom? But he doesn't answer.
S.: He is busy working with his microscope.
W.: But I am quite hungry. Tom, the food looks good, and it is
getting cold.
S.: You see, Mr.Edison never stops working for a second till he
is satisfied with what he is doing. W.: Then let's sit down and eat.
Two hours later Mr.Wilson and Smith finished eating and left the laboratory
Ed. (entering the laboratory): Oh, I am hungry. If those dishes were
not empty, I'd say I've had no dinner tonight. Exercise 4. Speak about:
1. Electricity itanature history and development.
2. Applications of electricity cover all fields of human activity .
Use exercises 1,2, as well as the following words and word combinations for your topic: it is difficult to imagine; applications such as; completely; to replace; to come into wide use; to double every ten years; to be an indicator; the latest technological advances. Exercise 5. Read and smile:
A young doctor, the son of a well-known professor of medicine, proudly (с гордостью) told his father one day: " Imagine, dad! I've cured (вылечить) that lady that has been your patient for ten years".
"She deserved (заслужить)it. It was she who had paid for vour studies," his father replied.
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"Where did the car hit him?", asked the coroner (следователь). "At the junction (стык, перекресток) of the dorsal and cervial vertebrae (спинных и шейных позвонков)", answered the doctor. A big man rose from his seat. "Listen, I've lived in these parts for fifty years", he protested, " and I've never heard of this place."
TEXT 3B
Прочитайте текст. Ответьте на вопрос, почему Эдисон сказал: "Don't watch the clock".
A Great Citizen of the World
Every day many people visited Thomas A.Edison's laboratories in Orange, New Jersey. Some of them were young inventors who went to study, but many more of them were tourists. They came from all parts of the US and from other countries as well.
One day a very important citizen from England visited Edison's factories, taking with him his young son.eight years old. They spent many hours in great workshops, looking at hundreds of useful inventions.
Before leaving the laboratories the man went to the office of the main building. Giving his card to the person in charge, he asked: "May I speak to Mr.Edison, please?". The man looked at the card and then answered: "Wait a minute, I'll see". Soon he returned and said: "Come this way, please. Mr.Edison will see you."
The father and his son went into the great inventor's workroom. "Mr.Edison", said the Englishman, "I brought my young son here to see what the world's greatest citizen has done. I want this day to help him all his life. Will you please shake hands with him and say something that he
will remember?"
Mr. Edison took the boy's hand. He laid his other hand on the child's shoulder and looked into his eyes. "My boy", he said, "don't watch the
clock."
In 1928 Mr. Edison was eighty-one years old, but he still worked
sixteen hours a day.
TEXT3C
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о преимуществах солнечной энергии в качестве источника электричества.
Solar Light by Night Most people living in towns consider it a usual thing that streets are lit at night. But street lights need a power supply ( источник энергии) therefore distant areas with no source of electricity remain in darkness until the sun comes up again.
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With new appliances now offered by several British firms, many distant places could be lit with solar-powered street lights. It may seem strange that the lamps can use the power of the sun which shines by day when the lamps are needed at night, but they work by using energy accumulated during the day from a solar panel. The solar panel produces electricity which charges (заряжать) a battery. When the sun goes down the battery power is then used for lighting. Each lamp has its own panel so the system can be used for one individual light or a number of them.
In the south of Saudi Arabia a motorway tunnel miles from any power supply is lit day and night by solar-powered devices. The solar panels provide power during the day and charge batteries which accumulate enough power to light the tunnel at night. The generation of electricity oy batteries is still expensive but the advantage of sun-powered lamps is that they can bring light to areas distant from any other power supply.
There is one more advantage of solar power: not only it is unlimited, but also its use does not pollute the environment. That is why it is very important to develop devices which make it possible to transform solar power into mechanical or electric forms of power.
TEXT 3D
Прочитайте текст. Найдите информацию о наиболее перспективных источниках энергии и об основных отличиях нетрадиционных источников энергии от традиционных. Изложите основное содержание текста по-английски.
Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy
It is known that much is being done in the world today for the development of non-traditional sources of energy. Without them the Earth cannot support its present population of 5 billion people and probably 8 billion people in the 21-st century.
Now we are using traditional power sources, that is, oil, natural gas, coal and water power with the consumption of more than 50 billion barrels per year. It is evident that these sources are not unlimited.
That is why it is so important to use such renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind, geothermal energy and others. Research is being carried out in these fields.
One of the most promising (перспективный) research is the development of power stations with direct transformation of solar energy into electricity on the basis of photoeffect. It was Russia that was the first in the world to develop and test a photoelectric battery of 32,000 volts and effective area of only 0.5 sq.m., which made it possible to concentrate solar radiation. This idea is now being intensively developed in many countries.
However, the efficiency of a solar power station is considerably reduced because of the limited time of its work during the year. But it is possible to
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improve the efficiency of solar power stations by developing different combinations of solar power stations and traditional ones - thermal, atomic and hydraulic. Today some engineers are working at the problem of developing electric power stations with the use of a thermal-chemical cycle. It will operate on products of the transformation of solar energy, whereas the "solar" chemical reactor uses C02 and water steam of the thermal power station. The result is that we have a closed cycle.
In Kamchatka there are geothermal power stations operating on hot water-steam mixture from the depths of about a kilometre. In some projects water will be heated by the warmth of mountains at a depth of four - five km.
It is planned that plants working on the energy of the solar heat provided by the sun will be built on a larger scale.
That different wind energy plants are being developed is also well-known. These energy plants can be small (of several kilowattes) and large powerful systems.
It is important that all these advances in developing new sources of energy and improving the old ones help to solve the energy problem as a whole and they do not have negative effects on the environment.
LESSON 4
Согласование времен
Дополнение
Дополнительные придаточные предложения
Суффикс - iblel - able
Префикс dis -
Текст 4А. Television
Текст 4В. Telegraph
Текст 4С. Telephone
Текст 4D. Talking via Space
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Повторите времена групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующую форму:
At the time I first (meet) Mr. Allen in 1990, he (consider) the possibility of studying foreign languages again. He (forget) everything that he (learn) about Latin and French at school. The languages that he (want) (learn) at that time (be) Spanish and Portuguese. He (to be going) to study those languages in the Department of General Education at New York University. Therefore, he (enrol) that school in 1991.
After my friend (finish) studying at New York University he (decide) (go) to South America for a year. Because he (be, never) there before, he (enjoy) visiting the famous cities of Brazil and Argentina. He liked Sao Paulo so much that he (consider) staying there much longer. Before that time he (hope, always) to find a place with an ideal climate. Therefore, Sao Paulo (seem) to be a real paradise (рай). However, he (spend) all his money and (to be forced) to return.
Now my friend Mr. Allen (plan) (visit) France next year. He (leave) for Paris on March 15. Mr. Allen (visit) also Germany on the same trip.He realizes that he must (learn) French and German before he (go) to Europe. At present he (take) a course in French in preparation for the trip. He (think) that French (be) quite easy.Of course he (be, never) in France before, so he (have) little opportunity to hear French. He (work) very hard at his French every day. He (studv) German at New York University next
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semester. 1 am sure that he (have) no language problem in the other countries when he (get) there. Many people in those countries (under stand) English or French.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен:
1. We knew that his family lived in Orel. 2. He said that the students of that group were studying in the library. 3. She thought that she might finish her work by two o'clock. 4.1 didn't think he could come there in time. 5. She said that her name was Lena. 6. The students were told that they had three lectures every day. 7. The dean said that he was busy. 8. We found that he had studied mathematics at the University. 9. The newspapers reported that the Trade Union Congress had finished its work. 10. Students were informed that they would have industrial training in the third year. 11. The weather-man reported over the radio that it would be cold on the following weekend. 12. The students were told at the lecture that dynamo had been invented at the«nd of the 19-th century.
Упражнение З. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен:
1. The engineer was told that he (may) test the device in the afternoon. 2. Itwas known that the head of our laboratory (to be) a graduate of Moscow University. 3. They thought that she(to graduate)from a technical institute. 4. Our professor informed us that he (to give) the following lecture on quantum mechanics on Monday. 5. At the meeting it was said that our lecturer (to work) at a new program of laboratory work. 6. The teacher told us that the term "engineering" (to have) many Russian equivalents. | 7. The chief engineer believed that we (to work) at that problem for a month the following summer.
Упражнение 4. Определите, чем выражено дополнение, переведите предложения:
1. The students of our group saw a new film yesterday. They said it was very interesting. 2. The dean's assistant told us to do all our work in time. 3. Our laboratory has been equipped with modern devices. 4. The students were informed at the meeting that they would have their practical training in Petersburg. 5. We asked the dean if he was busy. 6. The new student asked when our lectures would begin. 7. He also asked to show him where the chemistry laboratory was. 8. He wanted to know whether we had already had our industrial training. 9.1 did not know then if I should see him again. 10. We didn't know whether it would be possible to use a computer for our work.