1. What problem is becoming a global problem? (the problem of air and water pollution).
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2. What makes it possible to eliminate air and water pollution? (scientific knowledge and technological advance, good will and large investments).
3. What are scientists in industrially developed countries currently working on? (the theory of interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic global processes).
4. What factors are siowly changing tne global climate and water balance? (the growth of population, industrialization and use of resources).
5. What actions are necessary to take to deal successfully with the problem of protecting the environment throughout the world? (planning, developing international programs to study ecological datajoint efforts of scientists and special public organizations).
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts:
| 1. /vi present one or me most important problems for mankind 2. The rivers, seas and oceans 3. That purifying air, water and soil is changing from a national to a global problem 4. Therefore, it is necessary 5. Scientists expect that |
1. are becoming seriously polluted
by industry.
2. are successfully being carried out on a global scale.
3. it is possible to eliminate air and water pollution by planned actions of human society as a whole.
4. is evident to all.
| 6. Large-scale experiments in this area |
5. to take measures to safequard natural resources and the environment on a global scale.
6. is that air and water pollution is reaching very large proportions.
Exercise 3. Read and learn:
Rita: Did you have a nice weekend?
Mary: Yes, I did. I was tired of watching television, going to parties to the movies and so on. John and I decided to go to Pennsylvania University to take part in the discussion on environmental problems.
R.: Oh, really! How unusual! That must have been interesting.
M.: Yes, it was. There was a lot of people, scientists and
politicians. Have you heard about such a firm called "Sanyo
R.: Certainly. It is well known for its electronics.
M.: It's one of the first companies to make products that don't
pollute the environment.
R.: Oh, my father told us about new heating systems made by
this company. They use clean and safe technology.
Exercise 4. Speak about:
1. The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most importan problems for mankind.
2. Ecological problems in your home town, especially the problem of air pollution.
Use exercise 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to become oolluted by industry and transport; to reach high level; to develop a program of purifying air in industrial centers; to take necessary measures; for eliminating pollution; new technologies; make it possible; successfully.
Exercise 5. Read and smile:
One evening Rutherford entered the laboratory. It was late, but he found one of his students working with some apparatus.
"What are you doing here so late?" Rutherford asked.
"I'm working, sir," was the answer.
"And what do you do in the day time?"
"Oh, I work, of course, sir," answered the student.
"Do you work early in the morning, too?"
"Yes, professor, I work early in the morning, too," said the student, quite sure that the famous scientist would praise (хвалить) him.
Rutherford looked at him gloomily (мрачно).
"Tell me," he asked with irritation (раздражение),
"when do you think?"
TEXT 2B
Прочитайте текст. Укажите отрицательные стороны научно-технического прогресса. Приведите примеры экологической ситуации в Вашем городе.
Pollution
The British, like many other Europeans, are becoming more and more worried (беспокоиться) about their environment. Here are some of the environmental problems that they face.
As the population of large cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester continues to grow, pollution problems become worse.
The air in many towns and cities is being polluted by traffic (транспорт, движение) and industry. The number of cars and lorries is growing all the time. On the one hand,they bring mobility to millions of people,but on the other hand, they need bigger, better and more expensive roads, which often ruin the countryside (сельская местность). Traffic in cities is getting worse and worse. Water pollution has become a serious problem in many British rivers.People living near airports suffer from the noise of increasingly larger and more powerful Jet airliners taking off and landing.
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TEXT 2C
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о результатах исследования, прове денного Всемирной организацией здравоохранения.
Ecological Problems of Big Cities
There are over 150 super cities in the world with population from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities which have become super cities.
People in the super cities suffer from polluted environment: bad water, bad air and noise. A new term, urban (городской) climate. is used now for such cities.lt means high temperature, oppressive atmosphere and intensive smog.
Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect the big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) studied air pollution around the world for over eight years. It measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (ЗОгНп the air and the level of smoke.Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.
In the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most considerable level of CO2 in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago and Sao Paulo. However, some cities with clean air get worse in winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the largest proportion of it in the air in winter. This must be connected with the heating of houses. One can also mention (упоминать) Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in the same way.
TEXT 2D
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о достопримечательностях современ ного Лондона.
London, its History and Development
It is known that the area around London was inhabited (населять) by the Celts. Later the Romans founded a military camp there. The camp developed into a port. The area of about 1 square mile where the Romans built their fortifications corresponds approximately to today present City of London. London was the capital of one of the Roman provinces of Britain. After the Romans left Britain. London became less important and suffered greatly from the Danes and Vikings. It was under Henry the First in the 12-th century that London finally became the capital of England. In the 16-th century London, with its 500,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in England. Under Queen Elizabeth the First in the 17-th century England dominated the oceans and became the Empire. It is in the Elizabethan Age
that art. culture and literature flowered. especially in London. Over the centuries London became the centre of a constantly growing empire. The empire reached its apex (вершина) under Queen Victoria. Industrialization and the expansion of international trade brought London power. growth and cultural and economic development. In the First and Second World Wars London was ruined considerably.
Some 9 million people now live in London and its suburbs, and the city covers an area of 620 square miles, making it one of the largest of the world's capitals. One reason for its size is that the English people like to live in small houses and have small gardens. As a result, less than 5,000 people live in the City of London, while more than half a million come here to work in the daytime. Today London is the capital of Great Britain and is also the seat of the Royal Family, the Parliament, the major administrative bodies and scientific institutions.
The Houses of Parliament stand on the bank of the Thames at Westminster Abbey. Actually it is one building but it is called "Houses'* as it consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It was set up in the 13-th century. At one end of the Houses of Parliament there is a tower with a large clock. The largest bell, known as Big Ben, chimes in (отбивать часы) the hour.
Westminster Abbey was a monastery built in the 8th century. It is one of the best examples of the Early English architecture. The kings and queens of England are buried there. Many great statesmen. writers and poets are also buried there.
In the centre of London there is one of the most beautiful squares -Trafalgar Square which was named so to commemorate (в честь) Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar. There is the monument in its centre known as Nelson's Column.
In the vicinity of Trafalgar Square is Whitehall which is now a street of government offices. Not far from Whitehall is Downing Street. Number 10 Downing Street is the residence of the Prime Minister of England. The Cabinet meets there. One must mention the British Museum. It is one of the most extensive and valuable museums in West Europe. It was founded in 1753. It also comprises the National Library. There are other numerous museums and galleries displaying interesting finds from all parts of the world and from all stages in the development of nature, man and art. There are also two large opera houses, the National Theatre and 50 other theatres. Monuments of past greatness are everywhere in London.
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LESSON 3
1. Времена группы Perfect Active, Passive
2. Подлежащее, сказуемое
3. Суффиксы - erl - or , - antl - ent
4. Префиксы un-,- im-Text ЗА . Electricity
Text 3B. A Great Citizen of the World
Text 3C. Solar Light by Night
Text 3D. Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Объясните употребление времен группы Perfect , переведите:
l.This is a very good book, I have just read it with pleasure. 2. He has been absent this week. He has been ill. 3.1 haven't seen you for a long time. Where have you been all this^ time ? 4. We haven't heard about her since 1989. 5. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 6. Before we game to the next lecture we had studied the material of the first one. 7. Have you already finished your diploma work? No, I shall have finished it by the end of June. 8. They will not have passed their exams by the time you return. 9. Many students have been enroled into universities this year. 10. The translation has not been finished j[et. It will have beerTfiriished by the end of the month. 11. Have you brought these journals with you? No, these journals had been brought by my sister before I returned from St.Petersburg. Don't you know that?
Упражнение 2. Выберите правильную форму сказуемого:
1. Не (has graduated. graduated) from MSTU named after Bauman this year. He (graduated, will have graduated)from MSTU named after Bauman in 6 years. 2. She (saw, has seen) us in the morning yesterday. She (saw, has seen) us this morning. 3.1 (have met, met) him last year. I never (had met, hay met) him before. 4. Our group (will do, will have done) a lab work tomorrow. 5. This problem (is discussed, has been discussed) much in the press lately. This problem (was discussed, had been discussed) yesterday.
Упражнение З. Переведите на английский язык:
. 1. Что вы сделали сегодня ? - Я напечатала (to type) много писем. Я хочу посмотреть письмо к мистеру Д. - Вот, пожалуйста. Я только что напечатала его. А письмо к мистеру Р.? - Я еще не напечатала это письмо. Я напечатаю его к концу рабочего дня. 2. Вчера мы встретили наших друзей. Мы не видели их с окончания университета. До возвращения в Москву они работали в Орле. 3. Новый завод будет построен к началу следующего года. Он будет оснащен самым современным оборудованием.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и объясните употребление времен:
At the Institute
Vera: Hello, Mike ! What are you doing here ?
Mike: Hello, Vera ! I am reading for my mathematics exam.
V.: But your group has passed it already, hasn't it ?
M.: Yes, it has, but I was absent at this time. So I'll take this
exam tomorrow.
V.: Is it difficult for you to take this exam ?
M.: No, it is not. I have finished a specialized mathematical
school where mathematics was studied more thoroughly
(тщательно) than at other schools. Besides, I have taken
part in a mathematics contest of our city.
V.: Really ? Have you ? When was it ?
M.: It was last year.
V.: Were you the first at this contest?
M.: No, I was the second. The first one was the boy from one
of the Novosibirsk mathematical schools.
V.: Have you ever been to Novosibirsk ?
M.: Yes, I have been there this year with a ground of students
of our faculty.
V.: What have you seen there ?
M.: Oh, I have seen a lot, But now I have no time to tell you
about it. Well, Vera, what are you doing here ? Are you
reading for your exams too ?
V.: No, I am not. I've passed all my exams with good marks
this term and so my holidays have already started. I'm
waiting for my friend here. Good luck, Mike.
Упражнение 5. Определите, чем выражено подлежащее каждого предложения, переведите:
1. After the international conference on ecology it has become possible to begin working at environmental problems on a global scale. 2. Some scientists and engineers are working at improving traditional production processes,othcrs are developing new technologies. 3. The new instruments
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will enable us to determine the level of pollution in our rivers. 4. Our technological advances make it possible to deal with the most difficult problems. 5. Our lecturer's book on strength of materials is well-known and popular. 6. One must study six years to become an engineer. 7. There is a big library in the new building of our institute.lt is a very good library. One may get all the necessary books there and it is possible to keep them till the end of the academic year. 8. It is well-known that technological progress is impossible without electronics, computers, robots and new materials. 9. That ecological problems have become the most important ones at present is evident to all. 10. What is necessary for the students is to get a good qualification. 11.That S.P.Korolyev was the founder of practical cosmonautics is a well-known fact. 12. That theory is combined with practical training is a very good tradition of our educational system. 13. That it is necessary to develop an international ecological program is realized throughout the world.
Упражнение 6. Определите, чем выражено сказуемое в каждом предложении, переведите:
1. The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers. 2. The air in many cities has been polluted by traffic and industry. 3. The lecture on environment protection was very interesting. 4. Mankind has never experienced changes in life and work on such a scale. 5. The task of the world community is to improve the ecological situation in the world. 6. In six years we shall become engineers. 7. It is possible to take measures to protect environment on a global level by the joint efforts of all countries. 8. Professor N. is the dean of our faculty. 9. The important feature of. our education is that it combines theory with practical training. 10. The main tendency of our life is that computers are being used in all spheres of technology, science and everyday life. 11. The essential feature in environment protection is that most of it is done by public initiative. 12. What is necessary today is that the protection of global natural resources must be planned. 13. Today one of the most important problems is that big cities are polluted.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
*
Упражнение 7. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно образцу:
глагол + - erl - or • существительное to teach - учить, обучать -* teacher - учитель Хо regulate - регулировать -* regulator - регулятор
to lecture - lecturer, to speak - speaker, to invent - inventor, to generate - generator, to transform - transformer, to indicate - indicator, to compute - computer;
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суффиксы прилагательных -antl-ent to excel - превосходить -* excellent - превосходный
important, efficient, distant, evident, confident, recent; отрицательные префиксы un-lim questionable - спорный, unquestionable - неоспоримый, несомненный
material - immaterial, limited - unlimited, important - unimportant, usual - unusual, natural - unnatural, necessary - unnecessary, known -unknown, qualified - unqualified, changing - unchanging, seen - unseen, possible - impossible, perfect - imperfect, personal - impersonal, mobile -immobile.
Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова : electricity [ilek'trisiti], civilization [,sivilai'zei/an], economic and social progress ['praugres], transformer [transforms], universal [ju:ni'va:sal ], electrometallurgy [i'lektrsume'taeladgi], cable ['keibl], specific [spe'sifik], machine [ma'Ji:n], photocopying machine, radar ['reida], Paris ['paeris], generator ['djenareita], battery ['baetari], lamp ['laemp], dynamo ['dainamau], indicator ['indikeita], nation ['nei/an], energy ['enad3i], service [sa:vis], laser [1 aeza], compact [kam'paekt].
Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов : imagine [i'mae d3in], turn [ta:n], daily ['deili], completely [kam'pli:tli], power t'paua], appeareance [a'piarans], gear [gia], pulley ['puli], whole [haul], range [reind3 ], device [di'vais], source [so:s], century ['sent/uri], design [di'zain], since [sins], consumption [kan'sAmp/an ], double [dAbl ], health [hel0 ], reduce [ri'dju:s ], beam [bi:m], advantages [ad'vunti3iz ], clean [kli:n], regulated ['regjuleitid], generate ['d3enareit], human ['hju:man], latest [leitist].
Слова и словосочетания для запоминания
| advantage n - преимущество appearance n - появление application и - применение, заявление completely adv - полностью, целиком consumption и - потребление, расход cover n - охватить, охватывать, |
invent v- изобретать power n - энергия, мощность
| 3* |
- property n - свойство recent a - недавний, последний
- reduce v - уменьшать, снижать replace v- заменять
- set up (set) v- воздвигать, сооружать source n - источник
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design v - конструировать, проек- state n - положение, состояние
тировать such as - такой как
device n - прибор, устройство transform v - преобразовывать
double v - удваивать turn v - поворачиваться, обра-
efficient а - эффективный титься
generate v - вырабатывать, произ- wide a - широкий
водить without prp - без
imagine v - представлять себе, во- whole a - весь, целый
ображать
in the case of - в случае
to be based on - основываться, быть основанным на
TEXT ЗА
Прочитайте текст, перечислите наиболее важные изобретения в области электротехники. Переведите.
Electricity
It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed.
Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.
With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts,gear wheels.belts and pulleys in the 19-th century workshops. And ш the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances have become a part of our everyday lives.
Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.
The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris.
The generator - a new compact source of electricity - was also developed
there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been
used before. „
Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison.Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks weresetup, dynamos and induction motors were designed.
Since the beginning of the 20-th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.
Today consumption of electricity per capita is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced
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other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost.'
One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products . Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source ofjome_oTthe most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.
Notes to the Text
1. transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys - трансмиссионные валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки
2.time and labour saving appliances - электроприборы, экономящие время и труд
3. induction motors - индукционные моторы
4. per capita - на человека; на душу населения
5. by-products - побочные продукты
6. truly - поистине
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст ЗА и ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is this text about? 2. What industrial applications of electricity do you know? 3. What home applications of electricity do you know? 4. Where was the generator developed? 5. Who invented the electric lamp? 6. Do you know who invented the dynamo? 7. Can you imagine our life without electricity? Why?
Упражнение 11. Определите функции глагола to have , переведите:
1. Electricity has many useful properties: it is clean and generates no by-products. 2. rt has many important applications in industry as well as in our houses. 3. The latest laser devices have found application in medicine. 4. Electricity has provided mankind with the most efficient source of energy. 5. No other source of energy has been so widely used as electricity. 6. We have many various electric devices in our houses. 7.„Our lives have been completely transformed with the appearance of electricity. 8. The generator replaced batteries that had been used before. 9.Tlie consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.
Упражнение 12. Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое в следующих предложениях, переведите:
1. That electricity is clean and easily-regulated is its great advantage. 2. The important fact is that electricity offers improved service at reduced cost. 3. That the two scientists Lodygyh and Yablochkov were the first in Russia to work in the field of electrical engineering is well-known. 4. One of the main advantages of electricity is that it doesn't pollute the environment. 5. The indicator of nation development is how much electricity is
v
consumed per capita. 6. What has been and is being done in environment protection cannot be measured by yesterday's standards.
Упражнение 13. Определите время глагола-сказуемого, переведите предложения: 1. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the future. 2. The transformer was invented and the first electric lines and networks were set up at the end of the 19-th century. 3. New powerful electric stations must be built because it is electricity that offers improved standards of life and work. 4. A combination of electric lines and networks are being set up throughout the country. 5. Electric power has become universal. 6. Electricity is transmitted to distant parts of this country by a combination of e)ectric networks. 7. Our power stations have been connected by high-voltage transmission lines into several networks.