1. ... is money that may be used to start a business.
2. ... is the type of money used in a country.
3. ... is money in coin or notes.
4. ... are metal money, ... is system of coins in use.
5. ... are paper money.
6. ... money is different kinds of plastic cards.
7. ... is to be worth in terms of money.
8. ... is price asked for goods or services.
9. To ... means to ask smb. to pay.
10. To ... money means to keep some of one’s money, e.g., for a
new computer.
11. To ... money means to use it badly on things that one does not need.
12. The ... of living means how much people pay for things.
13.... of living is the level of money and comfort people have.
Упражнение 8. Заполните пропуски синонимами или антонимами.
value ... waste
condition ... lend
quantity ... cheap
common, often see or heard ... unstable
various ... minor
Упражнение 9. А. Назовите 20—25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему: «Business and finance».
В. Speak about:
1. The state of the economy at the moment. Is it strong or is it in recession?
2. The current rate of inflation in the country. Has the government reduced company taxes or personal taxes lately? Has public expenditure risen or fallen recently?
3. New technology and money.
Какое значение имеют электронные средства связи в современной организации производства?
А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значении в данном контексте слов: vital, corporate, compile, memo, pace, respond, intranet, empower.
Paperwork and the Digital Nervous System
Bill Gates states it did not take Microsoft Co. long to get rid of most of the company’s paper forms. The move from paper to electronic forms is a vital step in the evolution of a modern organization’s nervous system. A corporate system defines how an organization deals with planned and unplanned events alike. It includes meetings, paperwork and electronic systems. It governs the way information about customers is stored, the way workers are organized, the way budgets are compiled and activities are coordinated, and the way information is exchanged.
In the past, companies were virtually alike in terms of how they managed these activities. Meetings, memos and managers were relied upon heavily. The pace was not usually too fast, and there was lots of paper.
But one of the lessons from Darwin is that the excellence of an organism’s nervous system helps determine its ability to sense change and quickly respond, thereby surviving or even thriving.
Today, new «digital nervous systems» are based on electronic communications tools that help corporations maintain themselves, defend from dangers and take advantage of opportunities rapidly. The Internet and intranets are essential.
You can easily bring the people you need together electronically, even if they are all over the globe. The people in the company can gain a common understanding of what is going on. They can exchange ideas easily.
Perhaps the single most important element of a digital nervous system is a customer database. Having all your information about customers in one place gives you the tools to analyze and make decisions. It empowers you to be highly responsive to customers needs.
Microsoft’s system is far from perfect, but it improves as the company takes better advantage of technology. Its annual budgeting process used to take three months. Microsoft invented a new process around electronic forms on the company’s intranet.
The budget cycle is now a very tense three-week period. The company’s digital system lets everybody see immediately what the other people in the company are planning. The managers see comparisons of sales and expense forecasts relative to market size in other divisions and regions. The product groups see the numbers organized by product. The subsidiaries see the numbers geographically. The finance people see them in on a profit-and-loss basis.
In other words, information can automatically be analyzed and compared and summarized and brought to the attention of the people who need to know about it.
В. Подберите к каждому слову или словосочетанию в колонке Л соответствующее по значению из колонки В.
1. take smb. to do smth. a.
2. get rid of b.
3. vital c.
4. corporate d.
5. do alike e.
6. compile f.
7. be alike g.
8. memo h.
9. pace i.
10. respond j.
11. thrive k.
12. empower 1.
13. take advantage m.
14. subsidiary n.
В
use for one’s own benefit be successful, prosper act in answer to necessary for living need, require give power to act in the same way be similar
controlled by a larger company
collect (information) and arrange it in a list
note for future use
belonging to a corporation or group
become free of
move at an unhurried rate
С. Заполните пропуски синонимами, control
feel, realize
virtually
determine
allow at once
excellent most important ...
similar
protect
D. Составьте возможные словосочетания из глаголов в колонке А и существительных из колонки В:
1. compile
2. take
3. manage / organize
В
a. information
b. understanding
c. decisions
4. store / exchange / analyze d. ideas
5. make e. workers, activities
6. gain f. advantage
7. exchange g. a budget
Б. Составьте возможные словосочетания прилагательных из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.
А В
1. annual a. forms
2. vital b. budget
3. digital с. understanding
4. common d. communications tools
5. electronic e. step
6. paper and electronic f. system
F. Заполните пропуски, образуя составные слова, общеизвестные словосочетания или термины. Запомните их.
profit and ... market...
three-week ... ... group
... forecast paper ...
expense ... ... people
Упражнение 1. А. Назовите 10—15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Electronic communication tools».
В. Speak about:
The role and importance of electronic communications tools in a modern company organization.
Text 4
Что такое логистика? Каковы последние направления в этой области?
А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значении следующих слов: retrieve, storage, package of services, to contract, totality.
Flexible Logistics Systems
Several organisations are expanding beyond their national borders as a strategy to improve competitiveness and their ability to offer diverse products to an expanded market. Many companies have become very proficient at supplying products throughout the world. The task requires not only the ability to recognize opportunities, but also an information system to co-ordinate the supply of goods and materials to places where they are needed throughout the world.
Logistics is supply, distribution and replacement of materials, goods and personnel. It is a problem for all organisations, both public and private. For instance, there were tremendous logistics challenges of moving the US military — army, navy, and air force — to carry out the military operations called «Desert Storm», problems which were even more complex when other nations belonging to the United Nations assisted with the operations. Large logistical problems are faced by relief agencies which are trying to give public assistance to people during emergencies.
In a small warehouse, improvements can be obtained from better information systems, productivity improvements, inventory (инвентаризация) savings, reductions in returns (возврат, оборот, прибыль), space saving (10—30 per cent), and extra customer service profit. That is, for a warehouse of 80,000 sq. ft, 50 staff, and $100 million sales per annum, and inventory of $40 million, it is possible to save over $2 million per annum from improved methods. The costs of such improvements can be retrieved after just three months.
The logistics aspects of the distribution chain (цепочка) in any organisation relate to the use of information to manage more effectively the functions of transportation, storage, warehousing, and freight forwarding (пересылка груза). The information system has to co-ordinate a distribution network which consists of transportation services between suppliers to factories, factories to storage facilities, ports and warehouses, storage services in the warehouses, transportation services between the warehouses and buyers and linkages between countries. As a result of implementing an efficient information system and computer network, McDonald’s restaurants are able to receive food products from various suppliers, repackage them to meet McDonald’s specifications, and then deliver them to their restaurants throughout the world, and still maintain consistent (соответствующие) standards.
Some companies perform logistics services themselves, but many are contracting these services to specialists who have information systems to offer a package of services — from simple storage and warehousing to a total package or complete service which might include consolidation (объединение) of cargo, transportation, storage and inventory management. Companies within the logistics sector distinguish themselves by the totality of the services they offer. Generally, smaller firms may have less sophisticated
information systems and may only provide services such as warehousing and transportation. Large firms have the resources and economies of larger scale to develop more sophisticated information and computer systems. However, developing a sophisticated and centralized information and mechanized warehouse may not necessary lead to a success.
Certain larger companies choose to rely on more flexible systems, which allow for learning and adaptation.
В. Подберите к словам в колонке А синонимы или близкие по значению слова из колонки В.
А
1. complex
2. total
3. diverse
4. keep up
5. profit
6. very great, enormous
7. help
8. totality
В
a. tremendous
b. of different kind
c. sophisticated
d. assistance
e. maintain
f. returns
g. entirety
h. complete
C. Найдите в тексте слова, означающие:
1. help given to those in need and trouble
2. skilled, expert
3. get back, return quickly
4. spread out over a large area
5. a problem, difficulty
6. serious situation, needing action as soon as possible
7. a/per year
8. a building for storing goods before distribution
9. easily changed, adaptable for new needs or conditions
D. Заполните пропуски словами:
management logistics distribution inventory storage returns transported warehouse
1. We know (1) ... to be a detailed list of goods, parts, equipment, etc. 2. Small profits and quick (2)... is the motto (девиз) for shops that rely on large sales and quick turnover. 3. In the same way, Toshiba might contract with a (3) ... firm so that television sets and other products could be picked up from the factory, taken
to a (4)... , perhaps repackaged, and then (5)... to stores in other countries. 4. Many companies are interested in improving customer service through better inventory (6)... 5. As a rule, an unproductive (7) ... chain results in a higher total inventory cost.
6. NAVAIR wants logistics data to be converted to digital form for storage in a «virtual» (8) ... facility — a single set of consolidated databases that could be accessed by sailors aboard ship, support engineers at shore and program managers.
Упражнение 1. А. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Logistics».
В. Speak about:
Problems logistics deals with.
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
To be read after Text 1
Finding Opportunity in the Global Economy
Bill Gates says today if you had to guess (угадать) somebody’s approximate income (i.e., money you receive) and you were limited to asking one polite question, a good one would be: «What country do you live in?» That is because of the huge difference in average wages (weekly payment for work) from country to country. But a generation from now, if you want to guess someone’s income, a more-telling single question might be: «What’s your education?» «This, at least, is my belief», B. Gates says. Future business opportunity will depend on educational opportunity — for everyone.
Compared to almost anything else in a developed society, the cost of investment in education is low — and the returns are high. Even the poorest of countries can develop better schools. Education is essential because electronic networks and software-driven technologies are beginning to break down the economic barriers between nations. The Internet and the availability of inexpensive, powerful computers are helping spread opportunity to developing nations.
International communication, which is certain to become extraordinary1 cheap in all its forms, will bring suitably educated people from every economic region into the mainstream of the world economy. Well-educated, enterprising individuals with access to information technology will do well no matter where they live.
Nearly a billion people in rural China may find their lives little changed for decades, but tens of millions of the best-educated Chinese could earn more or less what similarly educated people in the United States or Germany do.
As technology breaks down the barriers of distance and national borders, it will be even more important that everybody be given equal educational opportunities. Eventually, being «poor» won’t be much a matter of living in a poor country as it will be a matter of having poor skills.
Assuming you want to develop those skills, what should you study? There are a lot of opportunities in the knowledge-based global economy, and B. Gates is particularly enthusiastic about the business he knows best — software.
Because software is an almost pure expression of logic, the industry is a great field for almost anyone today. Just about every technical and scientific discipline will apply. The business side is equally exciting and challenging2 because the industry is so dynamic. And software jobs are among the highest-paid. It is not a win-lose industry, either. More software development in one region does not mean reduced software development in another. Rather, software development as a whole helps to grow the world economy.
The value and importance of the software industry — and its employees — will continue to grow indefinitely. Software is transforming the workplace in industry after industry, increasing productivity and helping globalize the world economy.
Notes to the Text
1. unusually
2. interesting and difficult
To be read after Text 2, 3, 4
Ten Attributes of a Good Employee
Here are 10 of the qualities Bill Gates finds in the «best and brightest» employees the companies should attract and retain.
First, it is important to have a fundamental curiosity1 about the product of your company or group. You have to use the product yourself.
Second, you need a genuine (настоящий, подлинный) interest in discussion with customers about how they use your product, what they like or don’t like in order to know where your company’s product could be better.
Third, once you understand your customer’s needs, you have to enjoy thinking through how this product can make work more interesting.
These first three points are related. Success comes from understanding and caring deeply about your products, your technology and your customers’ needs.
Fourth, you as an individual employee should develop your own skills and those of the people you work with. If maximizing your next bonus2 or salary increase is all that motivates you, you are likely to lose an opportunity to benefit from teamwork3 that creates success in the long term.
Fifth, you need to have specialized knowledge or skills while maintaining a broad perspective. Big companies, in particular, need employees who can learn specialties4 quickly, so a willingness to learn is critical.
Sixth, you have to be flexible enough to take advantage of opportunities that can give you perspective. At Microsoft Co., they try to offer a person lots of different jobs in the course of a career. Anyone interested in joining management is encouraged (поощрять) to work in different customer units, even if it means moving within the organization or relocating to a different part of the world. Microsoft Co. has many employees working for their US subsidiaries in other countries. This helps them better understand world markets.
Seventh, a good employee will want to learn the economics of the business. Why does the company do what it does? What are its business models? How does it make money? And a company, in turn, should educate its employees in the fundamental financial realities of its industry.
Eighth, you must focus on competitors, i.e., you must think about what is going on in the marketplace. What are your company’s competitors doing that is smart5? What can we learn from them? How can we avoid their mistakes?
Ninth, you’ve got to use your head. Analyze problems to understand the implications (скрытый смысл, последствия) of potential tradeoffs6 of all kinds, including the tradeoff between acting sooner with less information and later with more. Use your head in practical ways. Prioritize your time effectively.
Finally, don’t fail to see the obvious essentials, such as being honest, ethical7 and hard working. These attributes are critical and go without saying.
Notes to the Text
1. strong desire to learn / know about smth.
2. addition to usual payment
3. combined effort
4. special activities, operations, products, etc.
5. skillful, clever (=quick in learning and understanding things)
6. compromise, compromising decision, choice
7. of moral principles
ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ
annum — per annum [per'aenem] в
год
asset ['aeset] n имущество; активы баланса
В
balance ['bselens] и account ~ баланс счета
belief [bi'liif] n вера; мнение, убеждение
bid [bid] n предложение цены (на аукционе)
bidding ['bidirj n предложение цены
bill [bil] п счет, расходы
bonus ['beunes] n премия, вознаграждение
buyer ['baie] n покупатель
С
card [ka:d] n карточка; identity удостоверение личности; credit кредитная карточка; smart многофункциональная платежная карточка, чиповая карточка
cash [kaej] п наличные деньги challenge ['tfaelindj] п сложная задача; проблема; v ставить задачу, сталкиваться с трудностями challenging а сложный, многообещающий, перспективный charge [tfa:dj] v назначать, запрашивать цену; взимать плату cheque [tfek] п чек coin [кэш] п монета coinage ['koinidj] п монетная система; чеканка монет commerce ['komes] п торговля (оптовая); коммерция competitor [kem'petite] п конкурент; участник рынка compile [kom'pail] v составлять (бюджет); собирать материалы, факты
consumer [ken'sju.me] п потребитель
contract ['kontraekt] v заключать договор, сделку, соглашение corporate ['koiperit] а корпоративный, групповой curiosity ^kjueri'ositi] л любопытство, любознательность currency ['kArensi] п валюта customer ['kASteme] п покупатель, заказчик, клиент
D
demand [di'ma:nd] n спрос
distribution ^distri'bjuijen] n сбыт, реализация
diverse [dai'va:s] а различный, разнообразный
division [di'vi3an] n подразделение
E
earn [a:n] v зарабатывать
emergency [I'ma.djansi] n чрезвычайные обстоятельства
employee [,emploi'i] n служащий; рабочий; работающий по найму
empower [im'paua] v давать право, возможность
encourage [т'клгссЭД v поощрять
enterprising ['entapraizir\] а предприимчивый
ethical ['eGikel] а нравственный, этичный
expenditure [iks'penditfa] п расходы, затраты
expense [iks'pens] п расходы, издержки; at the - of за счет
extraordinary [iks'tro:dnri] а необычный, чрезвычайный
F
fee [fi:] п вознаграждение, гонорар; взнос, сбор
forecast ['fo:ka:st] п прогноз, предсказание
funds [fAndz] п средства, фонды (денежные)
G
gain [gein] v получать, приобретать, добиться
Н
handle ['haendl] v управлять; иметь дело с holder ['haulda] п владелец; credit card владелец кредитной карточки
I
income ['тклт] п доход insurance [in'Juarans] п страхование
interest ['intrist] п процент
intranet [in'traenat] п внутренняя связь
inventory ['invantri] п инвентаризация; наличные товары (запасы)
investment [in'vestmant] п капиталовложение, инвестиция, вклад invest v вкладывать, делать инвестиции
issue ['iju:]['isju] v выпускать в обращение
К
key [ki:] v нажимать кнопку; ~in набирать
L
limit [limit] п credit предельный размер кредита
loan [laun] п заем, ссуда
logistics [lau'djistiks] п логистика
М
maintain [mein'tein] v сохранять, поддерживать
manage ['maenicfc] vуправлять, руководить; money управлять деньгами, управлять финансами
market ['та:kit] п рынок, сбыт, продажа
marketing ['ma:kitir\] п торговля; предметы торговли; сбыт, продажа
memo ['mi:таи] п меморандум; служебная записка, памятная записка
network ['network] n сеть number ['плтЬэ] n personal identification идентификационный номер
О
order ['o:de] n заказ; распоряжение
overheads [,euve'hedz] n накладные расходы
P
pace [peis] n скорость, темп package ['paekidj] n пакет; of services пакет услуг
payment ['peiment] n оплата, платежи, выплата
personnel [,pe:se'nel] n персонал, кадры
price [prais] n цена; retail розничная цена; wholesale оптовая цена
productivity [^prodAk'tiviti] n производительность
proficient [pre'fijent] а опытный, умелый
profit ['profit] n прибыль, доход
promotion [pre'meujen] n содействие в продаже; продвижение, повышение в должности
prosper ['prospe] v преуспевать
purchase ['peitjes] n покупка; v покупать
R
raise [reiz] v поднимать; n повышение
relief [ri'lirf] n помощь; пособие; скидки (с налога)
respond [ris'pond] v отвечать, реагировать
retrieve [ri'tri :v] v отыскать (информацию); вернуть, восстановить
return [ri'tern] n возврат оборота, прибыль; tax налоговая декларация
S
salary ['saeleri] п зарплата (служащему)
sales [seilz] п продажа, реализация, сбыт; representative агент по продаже; target намеченная цифра; цель; количество продаж salesman п коммивояжер save [seiv] v экономить, сберегать saving п экономия savings п сбережения seller ['selo] п продавец share [Jee] п доля, часть; участие; акция; market долевое участие на рынке в процентах specialty ['spejelti] п особенность, отличительная черта, отличие (специализация)
staff [sta:f] п состав (служащих); штат, персонал
state [steit] v заявлять, сообщать storage ['sto: ricfe] n хранение; склад
streamline ['stri:mlain] v ускорять, модернизировать
subsidiary [sob'sidjeri] n филиал; дочерняя подконтрольная компания
supply [se'plai] n снабжение, поставка; and demand спрос и предложение
supplier [se'plaie] n поставщик
T
teller ['tele] n кассир, счетчик; ~ machine банкомат tense [tens] а напряженный thrive [Graiv] (throve, thriven) v процветать, преуспевать totality [teu'taeliti] n все количество, вся сумма целиком
tradeoff ['treidef] n сравнительная оценка; принятие компромиссных решений
transaction [traen'zaekjen] п дело, сделка, операция (торговая, банковская)
turnover ['te:n,euve] п оборот, товарооборот
U
unit ['ju:nit] п единица; of account расчетная денежная единица
V
value ['vaelju:] п стоимость, цена
vital [Vaitl] я жизненно важный, крайне необходимый
W
wages ['weicfcoz] п заработная плата (рабочих)
warehouse ['weehaus] п склад; v помещать на склад, хранить на складе
warehousing п складское хозяйство, складирование withdraw [wi6'dro:] v изымать из банкомата; забирать деньги из банка
Y
yield [ji:ld] п процентный доход
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ»
Text 1
Что Вы понимаете под словом «закон»? Прочитайте и переведите текст.
What Is Law?
The word «law» refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws, laws which prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast drivers should drive. Some of such laws are customs, that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. And some of them are precise laws made by individual nations, governments and enforced against all citizens within their power.
The purpose of government-made laws is social control (without laws there would be anarchy in society) and the implementation of justice. Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished. But in order to be enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law.
The laws made by the government of one country are often very different from the laws of another country. But the law today is, to a large extent, a complex of different and relatively independent national systems. Despite major revisions over the centuries, the legal system of England and Wales is one of the oldest still operating in the modern world. English law has directly influenced the law of former British colonies such as Australia, India, Canada and the nation where law plays a bigger part in everyday life than anywhere else, the United States. In addition, although the legal systems of Western Europe and Japan come from rather different traditions, there are enough similarities in principle and institution.
Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. But it should be said that there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common Law, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of
continental Europe, Latin America and Africa which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan’s legal system. In these countries Continental systems have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of precise, detailed codes to govern every legal aspect of a citizen’s life.
Text 2
Какие слова и термины из области правопорядка и преступлений Вы знаете? Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Law, Order, Crime
When somebody breaks the law and does something against the law the police must investigate who is responsible for a crime. If they find the person who committed the crime, they arrest him or her. At the police station the person is questioned and charged with the crime. He must then be sent to court for trial.
The person charged with the crime is now called the defendant or accused. In court, he must try to prove that he is innocent. The jury listens to all the evidence for and against the defendant and then makes their decision.
If the jury decides that the defendant is guilty, the judge will give the sentence. For example, if a person is convicted of murder, the sentence will be many years in prison. The person then becomes a prisoner and the place he lives in is called a cell. For minor offences (that is, crime that is not serious, e.g. illegal parking), the punishment is usually a fine. To fight crime the courts now give tougher punishments for crimes committed than in the past (e.g. bigger fines or longer prison sentences). There is capital punishment (death by electric chair or hanging) for some crimes. If a person convicted of a crime is put on probation, instead of punishment, he must behave well for a period of 1—3 years. If he is convicted of another crime while on probation, he will also be punished for the original crime. Suspended sentence1 is a prison sentence of less than two years which does not take effect unless the convicted person commits another crime during the period specified by the court. Corporal punishment consists of causing a person to physical pain, e.g. by whipping. A community service order2 is a court order to a person convicted of a crime to do a certain number of hours of work without pay in the local community instead of another form of punishment.
Common offences like theft, robbery, burglary, shoplifting; more serious offences such as murder, manslaughter and rape, crimes against public morals, pollution and traffic offences are aris
ing every day in the courts. Thief, robber, burglar, shoplifter, murderer, rapist are criminals.
People who defend criminals and present evidence are called barristers (lawyers) or attorneys (in Am Eng).
Notes to the Text
1. Suspended sentence — отсрочка исполнения приговора или наказания
2. community service order — направление на общественные работы
Упражнение 1. Поставьте следующие события в правильной последовательности.