3. Would you like to improve your reading speed? Why?
4. Can all books be read quickly? Why (not)?
Exercise 4. Comment on the following statement.
Every student ought to be able to read very fast.
One point of view: Reading requires thought; one needs time for thinking, reading
ought to be a kind of dialogue with the author — this requires time; quality is more important than quantity.
A contrary point of view : Fast reading does not mean careless reading, nothing is left out, thinking can be very fast, fast reading is reading for meaning, it saves time (экономить) also for thinking, it is very important for a person to get a great deal of information in as little time as possible.
Exercise 5. Conduct a scientific meeting on: «Laser and its applications».
Use texts 10A, 10B, and IOC as a basis for the preparation of an oral talk (устное сообщение), short abstracts (краткие тезисы), summary (реферат) of the presentation and for the discussion of the theme (тема).
Useful Words and Phrases of Scientific Communication at a scientific meeting, conference, round-table discussion, symposium, colloquium, seminar, session, congress, etc.
| Stages of a meeting | Phrases |
| Chairman | |
| Opening a meeting | I declare the meeting open. Right, can we start? Ladies and Gentlemen, are we ready to begin? OK then, perhaps we could make a start? |
| Introducing a speaker | I have a great pleasure to introduce Dr. (Prof.) Baker, an expert in ... Our first speaker, Dr Baker, will speak on... |
| Interrupting a speaker | May I draw your attention to the fact that this point will be discussed later? |
| Opening a discussion | And now I’d like to open the discussion on the presentation given by Dr Baker. Are there any questions to Dr Baker? |
| Ending a discussion | May I propose that we stop there? |
| Thanking | Fm sure Pm speaking for everyone when I say how grateful we are to Dr Baker for his informative (excellent) presentation, (talk, speech, lecture). Pd like to thank everybody here. |
| Ending a meeting | I declare the meeting closed. Speaker |
| Introducing the report | Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is a great honour to address this meeting (conference); Pd like to talk in my report about ... First of all (in the first place) Pd like to name the main points of my paper. |
While reporting
Ending the report
Introducing oneself Questions
Agreement with the speaker
Disagreement
Now, let us turn to the point ...
The second point is ...
Moving to point three ...And finally ...
So much about ...
Pd like to attract your attention to ...
Allow me to call your attention to ...
I should like to note (emphasize) ...
If you look at this diagram ...
Have a look at ...
If you remember, I mentioned ...
As I’ve already mentioned ...
Do you see what I mean ...
Do you follow me...
As far as I know ...
Sorry, I got lost ...
In conclusion Pd like to stress the importance ... Thank you for your attention.
Audience
My name is John Smith. I am from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Pm very impressed with Dr. B’s complete (interesting) presentation. Pd like to give you my view on this subject ...
My question is as follows ...
I have a question to ask ...
One question is, the second question is ...
Pd like to ask a question in this connection...
There is a practical question which ...
Pd like to ask a question concerning ...
May I address a question to Dr. B.? Is it possible to describe simply, how...
I think you are entirely right speaking about...
Pd like to express agreement with the speaker
But I am not sure you are right.
I am very sorry to have to say that I don’t agree with Dr. B.
Unfortunately, I cannot agree with your final statement.
I wish I could agree with you but...
We are not yet certain....
Making remarks
Making contribution to the discussion
This is an interesting work but it has a lack...
It is surprising...
It is unbelievable...
I’m not surprised that it is possible...
I find it hard to believe...
I’d like to make a comment of general nature... I’d like to make two more remarks...
I have a few points to make...
I have just a small point, but it may make things much clearer a bit.
Excuse me, but I’d just like to point out...
I’d like to add in connection with...
In addition, I’d like to mention...
Let me put some more questions...
Exercise 6. Read and smile.
A Story Too Terrible To Tell
Three men came to New York for the first time. They took a room in a hotel. In the evening they went sight-seeing and did not come back till nearly three in the morning. The room they had taken was on the 43rd floor. «I am sorry, gentlemen», said the porter, «but the elevator does not work, there is something wrong with it. You will have to walk up to your room». This was too bad, but the men agreed to tell stories on the way up in order to kill the time.
By the time the first one had told his story, they had climbed up to the 11th floor. The next story kept them amused till they had reached the 31st floor. At last it was time for the third main to tell his story, but he refused. He said the story he had in mind was too terrible, he simply couldn’t tell it. They continued climbing and all the time the two asked him to begin. At last they stopped and refused to go on unless he told them his terrible story. «The story I have to tell you is a short one», he said at last, «we have left the key to our room downstairs with the porter».
Text 10B
Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию о преимуществах применения оптических волокон в технике связи; о том, что послужило основой разработки систем оптической связи, а также о практическом применении оптической технологии. Соотнесите отмеченные в тексте факты со следующими датами: 1960, 1970, 1982 гг. Изложите эту информацию по-английски.
Optical Technology
One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is the rapid progress of optical communication where optical
fibers are replacing conventional telephone wires and cables. Just as digital technologies greatly improved the telephone system, optical communication promises a considerable increase in capacity, quality, performance and reliability of the global telecommunication network. New technologies such as optical fibers will increase the speed of telecommunication and provide new, specialized ininformation service. Voice, computer data, even video images, will be increasingly integrated into a single digital communication network capable of processing and transmitting virtually any kind of information.
It is a result of combining two technologies: the laser, first demonstrated in 1960, and the fabrication 10 years later of ultra-thin silicon fibres which can serve as lightwave conductors. With the further development of very efficient lasers plus continually improved techniques to produce thin silica fibres of incredible transparency, optical systems can transmit pulses of light as far as 135 kilometers without the need for amplification or regeneration.
At present high-capacity optical transmission systems are being installed between many major US cities at a rapid rate. The system most widely used now operates at 147 megabits (thousand bits) per second and accommodates 6,000 circuits over a single pair of glass fibres (one for each direction of transmission). This system will soon be improved to operate at 1.7 gigabits (thousand million bits) per second and handle 24,000 telephone channels simultaneously.
A revolution in information storage is underway with optical disk technology.
The first digital optical disks were produced in 1982 as compact disks for music. They were further developed as a storage medium for computers. The disks are made of plastics coated with aluminium. The information is recorded by using a powerful laser to imprint bubbles on the surface of the disk. A less powerful laser reads back the pictures, sound or information. An optical disk is almost indestructible and can store about 1000 times more information than a plastic disk of the same size.
One CD-ROM disk (650 MB) can replace 300,000 pages of text (about 500 floppies), which represents a lot of savings in databases.
The future of optical storage is called DVD (digital versatile disk). A DVD-ROM can hold up to 17 GB, about 25 times an ordinary CD-ROM. For this reason, it can store a large amount of multimedia software and complete full-screen Hollywood movies in different languages. However, DVD-ROMs are «read-only» devices. To avoid this limitation, companies also produce DVD rewritable drives.
Besides, it is reported that an optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced and intensive research on optical electronic computers is underway at a number of US companies as well as in countries around the world.
It is found that optical technology is cost-effective and versatile. It finds new applications every day — from connecting communication equipment or computers within the same building or room to long-distance transcontinental, transoceanic and space communications.
Text IOC
Прочитайте текст и расскажите о практическом применении лазеров.
An Encyclopedia on a Tiny Crystal
Scientists have discovered that a laser beam can be effectively used to record alphanumeric data and sound on crystals. According to Russian researchers a method for recording information on crystals by means of a laser has already been developed, but advanced technologies are needed to make it commercially applicable.
At present researchers are looking for the most suitable chemical compounds to be used as data storages and trying to determine optimum recording conditions. Theoretically, the entire «Great Soviet Encyclopedia» can be recorded on a single tiny crystal.
As far back as 1845, Michael Faradey discovered that a light beam reverses its polarization as it passes through a magnetized crystal. Scientists of our day have used this phenomenon to identify crystalline materials capable of storing information. Lasers have been successfully employed to record information on and read it off.
No ideal data storage crystal has yet been found, but it is obvious now that the future of computer engineering lies in lasers and optoelectronics.
Text 10D
Прочитайте текст и найдите примеры все возрастающей тенденции к более тесному международному сотрудничеству. Почему такое сотрудничество необходимо? Назовите страны-участницы такого сотрудничества. Запомните произношение названий стран.
Science and International Cooperation
One of the most striking features of modern science is the increasing tendency towards closer cooperation between scientists and scientific organizations (institutions) all over the world. In fact, it is becoming more and more evident that many of the problems that affect the world today cannot be solved without joining scientific efforts and material resources on a world-wide scale. The exploration of space, world finance, global environment protection problems and the development of new sources of power are the examples of areas of scientific research which are so costly and complicated that it is difficult for a single country to solve them efficiently and in a short period of time. The renewal of international scientific cooperation was demonstrated in the sharing of data which were obtained by Russian, Japanese and European space probes in 1986 on Hailey’s comet.
Many countries were successfully cooperating on a programme called Intercosmos in launching a large number of vertical geophysical rockets and satellites. Space exploration programmes were being conducted between Russia and Austria, India, France, Sweden and other countries. Joint manned flights by Russian and foreign cosmonauts included citizens from numerous countries. Many international crews have worked on orbit and carried out a lot of scientific experiments.
Russian and the U.S. engineers are now working side by side on the International Space Station, the largest peacetime engineering project in history.
Launched from opposite sides of the world, the first International Space Station components Zarya and Unity have begun a new era of exploration as 16 nations joined their scientific and technological resources in the first truly international space program to improve life on Earth. Even before its launch, the International Space Station has opened new spheres of research on Earth by overcoming barriers of language, culture and technological differences worldwide.
Indeed, it represents unprecedented (беспрецедентный, беспримерный) global cooperation and trust. There is no doubt that it is the first step towards a unified «planetary civilization» that will explore space as citizens of Earth, not of individual nations.
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
Упражнение 1. А. Прочитайте словосочетания из текста 10А и постарайтесь понять значения выделенных слов.
В. Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову соответствующее ему по значению.
a. to meet unexpectedly
b. only, merely
c. break up into small parts
d. time during which smth lasts or exists
Упражнение 2. А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значение словосочетания off-the-shelf item. Дайте определение или объяснение этому термину.
Laser Propulsion
Another approach is to absorb laser light in a plasma «flame» sustained by laser light focused in the center of a flowing stream of propellant gas. Thrust levels as high as 10,000 N with a specific impulse (удельный импульс) of 1,000 sec appear achievable using hydrogen as the propellant gas. Laser power as low as 1 MW would be useful for low Earth orbit launching without relay optics. 10—100 MW lasers can launch small payloads from the ground. With up to 100 launches a day, a 20 MW launcher weighing 20 kg could place several hundred tons in orbit per year. Low-gigawatt lasers could launch multi-ton spacecraft with the same ease that present multi-gigawatt chemical rockets do. Laser rockets will have much better payload fraction since the heavy power plant is left on the ground and the higher specific impulse results in lower propellant fraction. Although gigawatt lasers are not off-the-shelf items, there is no doubt they could be built if the need were strong enough.
В. Выберите соответствующие контексту А значения выделенных слов.
approach
a. coming near to
b. approximation, a way to solve a problem
c. way, path, road
sustain
a. enable to keep up, maintain
b. suffer, undergo
c. keep from falling
relay
a. supply of fresh horses to take the place of tired ones
b. device which receives signals and transmits them with greater strength, thus increasing the distance over which they are carried
c. place from which radio programs are broadcast after being received from another station
payload
a. passengers and cargo, but not fuel
b. bomb in a missile
c. crew and instruments of a spaceship item
a. each single thing, part or object in a list
b. detail or paragraph (of news)
c. number of a program off-the-shelf
a. commercially available
b. ready to use
c. possible or likely
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски словами.
А.
capacity as well laser information light existing advantage space doubt amplified cost conventional
Optical fibres are made of glass and use (1) ... (usually from a (2) ... ) to transmit messages. There is no (3) ... optical fibre systems have enormous (4) ... over (5) ... transmission systems. They have a much higher (6) ... than copper wires, can carry much more (7) ... and have a potentially lower material (8) ... Besides, optical fibres occupy far less (9) ... The quality of transmission is high (10) ... The signal does not need to be (11)... as often as with (12)... cables. Optical fibres do not suffer from interference.
в.
heat treatment distance melt identify beams vaporize displays light communication
Nowadays, lasers are used to (1) ... targets in military uses. In engineering, powerful laser (2) ... can be focused on a small area. They can (3) ..., (4) ..., or (5) ... material in a very precise way. Lasers are ideal for (6) ... in space. Laser light can travel long (7) ... without losing signal strength. In medicine, laser beams can be used for the (8) ... of damaged tissue (ткань) in a fraction of a second without causing harm (вреда) to healthy tissue. In the arts, lasers can provide fantastic displays of (9) ... Pop concerts are often accompanied by laser (10) ...
Упражнение 4. Составьте возможные словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.
А
1. come to
2. overcome / encounter
3. record / store / carry
4. realize
5. place
В
a. information, data, sound
b. into orbit
c. a project
d. reality
e. difficulties, differences
| Упражнение 5. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.
|
| Упражнение 6. А. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему: «Laser applications». |
В. Speak about:
Laser as a means of propulsion.
LESSON 11
Сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение Значение слов either, neither и их сочетаний
Text 11А. Superconductivity Text 11В.
Text 11С. New Hope for Energy
Text 11D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения со сложным дополнением.
1. We know Morse to have been a painter by profession. 2. Scientists expect lasers to solve the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. 3. M. Faraday supposed a beam of light to reverse its polarization as it passed through a magnetized crystal. 4. Designers expect dirigibles to be used for exploration of new territories.
5. Japanese designers believe a new ceramic engine to replace the conventional one. 6 Engineers suppose a new «night vision» system to enable drivers to see better after dark. 7. Scientists believe new laser devices to be widely used in medicine. 8. We know the first digital optical disks to have been produced as disks for music.
9. They believed him to be capable.
Упражнение 2. Найдите инфинитив в предложениях, переведите.
А. 1. Hundreds of radio navigation stations watch the airplanes find their destination and land safely. 2. Twice a year people see birds fly south and north, but we don’t know how they find their way. 3. At the Paris Exhibition people watched the cargo airplane «Ruslan» carry a great amount of cargo. 4. When you stand near a working engine you feel it vibrate. 5. Making experiments with electric telegraph Morse noticed a pencil make a wavy line when connected to an electric wire. 6. Nowadays people watch on television cosmonauts work in space, «Lunokhod» move on the surface of the Moon and Olympic games take place on the other side of the globe.
В. 1. A force applied to a body causes it to move in a straight line. 2. The unsatisfactory results of Bell’s experiments forced him to change the method of testing. 3. The excellent properties of Damascus steel made metallurgists of the whole world look for the lost secret of the steel. 4. Very high temperatures often cause certain materials to break. 5. Bad weather conditions make pilots switch over to automatic con.trol.
Упражнение 3. Обратите внимание на инфинитивный оборот, состоящий из предлога for, дополнения и инфинитива.
1. It was the only thing for us to do. 2. The students were waiting for the lecturer to describe the properties of a new composite material. 3. It is for you to decide which of the two methods to use.
4. It is necessary for the students to know the properties of various alloys. 5. A system of satellites is provided for people to watch the central TV program.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения со сложным подлежащим.
A. 1. Students of Cambridge are supposed to wear gowns at lectures. 2. The first pocket-size colour television sets were reported to have been developed. 3. Today’s aircraft is expected to be replaced by a new model of hypersonic aircraft in a few years. 4. Intensive research on optical-electronic computer is said to be going on in a number of US companies. 5. A method for recording information on crystal by means of a laser is known to have been developed by a Russian researcher. 6. The annual output of personal computers is expected to reach millions in the near future. 7. The laser is known to be a device producing an intensive beam of light by amplifying radiation. 8. Optical technology has been found to be cost-effective. 9. The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported to have been produced.
B. 1. Our present-day life seems to be quite impossible without telephone, radio, and television. 2. Nowadays the principle of radio operation seems to be quite simple. 3. The term «radar» is known to be composed of the first letters of «radio, detection and ranging». It happens to reflect its basic principle, that is, the location of an object at a distance. 4. About 50 per cent of Lake Baikal water proved to have been polluted since the Baikal plant has begun its work.
5. Lasers appeared to be highly useful for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction and communication. 6. A system of Earth satellites appears to have solved the problem of transmitting the central TV program to any part of the world.
7. Electricity proved to be able to travel instantly over a long piece of wire.
С. 1. Dirigibles are likely to be used for taking tourists to distant and beautiful places. 2. Lasers are unlikely to be used in our everyday life soon. 3. Superconductivity is certain to bring about new discoveries in science and technology.
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте, запомните выделенные слова.
A. : Do you know what the words either and neither mean?
B. : Yes, I do. Either means каждый, любой, любой из двух, while neither stands for ни один, ни один (из).
A. : That’s correct. Can you give examples?
B. : Yes I can. For example: There is a number of lecture rooms on either side of the corridor. Which of these dictionaries can be used for translating a technical article? You may use either.
A. : And in what way is either translated when it is used with or? For instance: «Please, bring some dictionaries either from the library or from the reading room.»
B. : Either ... or... means либо ... либо, или ... или.
A. : Now let us speak about neither, it is the negative form of either, meaning ни тот ... ни другой. For instance: I was offered two books, but I took neither of them, as I did not like them.
B. : And neither connected with nor means ни ... ни, for example: These problems seemed difficult neither to my friend, nor to me.
A. : Are these words used in any other way?
B. : Yes, they may be used in short negative sentences such as: «I don’t like this book», said Peter. «Neither do I», said Ann, which means мне тоже (не нравится). I shall not go to the library tomorrow. He won’t go either. Он тоже (не пойдет).
Упражнение 6. Переведите, обращая внимание на разные значения слов тоге и much.
5. Aerodynamics is one more problem to be taken into consideration when designing a hypersonic craft. 6. The wheel-computerized system is much more efficient than those used previously.
7. Cryogenic fuels used both as coolant and propellant make the solution of the superliner surface cooling problem much easier to solve. 8. The fact that dirigibles are much larger in size and their staying power is much longer than those of an aircraft makes them ideally suited for exploration.
Упражнение 7. Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.
the physics discoveries, discoveries that led to, the scientific advantage, advantage could well come to nation, to bring the mankind to, mercury wire, unexpected phenomenon, to return to normal state, by passing electric current, by applying magnetic field, to make a great contribution, they introduced a model, a model proved to be useful, a theory won for them the Nobel Prize, research in superconductivity, research became especially active, the achieved record of 23 K.
исследования особенно активизировались; исследования в области сверхпроводимости; теория, за которую они получили Нобелевскую премию; привести человечество к ...; преимущество в науке; открытия в области физики; достигнутая рекордная отметка в 23 К; открытия, которые привели к...; преимущество могла бы получить нация (страна); ртутная проволока; вернуться в обычное состояние; пропуская электрический ток; внести большой вклад; неожиданное явление; они предложили (ввели) модель; прикладывая магнитное поле; модель оказалась эффективной.
Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
prestige [pres'ti:з], nation ['neijen], Nobel prize [nau'bel praiz], absolute zero ['aebsalu:t 'ziarau], phenomenon [fi'nominan], normal, magnetic, electromagnetic, theory ['Qiari], theorists ['Giarists], fundamental theory, physics, physicist, model ['modi], metallic [mi'taelik], ceramic [si'raemik], colleagues ['koli:gz], laboratory, critical temperature, fabricate, extremely [iks'tri:mli], process ['preuses].
Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов:
latest ['leitist], spectacular [spek'taekjula], breakthrough ['breik'Qru:], compare [kam'pea], award [a'wo:d], research [ri'saitf], mercury ['me:kjuri], wire ['waia], below [bilau], 5 °C ['faiv di'gri:z 'sentigreid], completely [kam'pli:tli], return [ri'ta:n], either ['aide], finally ['fainali], Zurich ['zjuarik], previously ['pri:vjasli], throughout [0ru:'aut], liquid ['likwid], nitrogen ['naitradjan], lose [lu:z], moreover [mo:'rauva], lack [laek].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
achievement п — достижение below adv — ниже, внизу benefit п — выгода, польза boil v — кипеть continue v — продолжать cool v — охлаждать current п — электрический ток
discover v — открывать, обнаруживать
finally adv — наконец introduce v — вводить lack v — нуждаться likely adv — вероятно lose v — терять master v — овладевать moreover adv — более того pass v — пропускать
present v — представлять previously adv — ранее, предварительно
prominent a — выдающийся, известный
random a — беспорядочный, случайный
resistivity n — удельное сопротивление
return v — возвращаться satisfactory a — приемлемый, удовлетворительный suddenly adv — вдруг, внезапно sufficiently adv — достаточно tend v — стремиться, иметь тенденцию wire n — провод
at once — сразу, немедленно
Text 11A
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите об основных этапах развития сверхпроводимости и о тех ученых, которые внесли свой вклад в исследование сверхпроводимости.
Superconductivity
According to the prominent scientist in this country V.L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Recent spectacular breakthroughs1 in superconductors may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. They
are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technological age. Prestige, economic and military benefits could well come to the nation that first will master this new field of physics. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. But in 1911 superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicist K. Onnes, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his low- temperature research. He found the electrical resistivity of a mercury wire to disappear suddenly when cooled below a temperature of 4 Kelvin (—269 °C). Absolute zero is known to be 0 K. This discovery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. He also discovered that a superconducting material can be returned to the normal state either by passing a sufficiently large current through it or by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to it. But at that time there was no theory to explain this.
For almost 50 years after K. Onnes’ discovery theorists were unable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In 1950 physicists Landau and Ginzburg made a great contribution to the development of superconductivity theory. They introduced a model which proved to be useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Finally, in 1957 a satisfactory theory was presented by American physicists, which won for them in 1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM2 scientists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound to become a superconductor at a temperature well above3 the previously achieved record of 23 K.
It was difficult to believe it. However, in 1987 American physicist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery: he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbelievable before temperature 98 К in a special ceramic material. At once in all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100 К and higher (that is, above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity seemed to be possible and practical. Scientists have found a ceramic material that works at room temperature. But getting superconductors from the laboratory into production will be no easy task. While the new superconductors are easily made, their quality is often uneven. Some tend to break when produced, others lose their superconductivity within minutes or hours. All are extremely difficult to fabricate into wires. Moreover, scientists lack a full understanding of how ceramics become superconductors. This fact makes develop-
ing new substances largely a random process. This is likely to continue until theorists give a fuller explanation of how superconductivity is produced in new materials.
Notes to the Text
1. spectacular breakthroughs — захватывающие открытия, достижения (переворот)
2. IBM — компания Ай Би Эм
3. well above — намного выше
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст 11А и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is this text about? 2. What is the phenomenon of superconductivity? 3. Who was the first to discover the phenomenon?
4. What scientists do you know who have worked in the field of superconductivity? 5. What materials are the best superconductors?
6. Is it possible to return superconducting materials to the normal state? 7. How can it be done? 8. In what fields of science and technology can the phenomenon of superconductivity be used?
Упражнение 11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 11 А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.
1. The latest achievements in superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. 2. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. 3. The achievements in superconductivity cannot be compared with the discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. 4. The electrical resistivity of a mercury wire disappears when cooled below 4 K. 5. A superconducting material cannot be returned to the normal state. 6. Landau and Ginzburg introduced a model which was useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. 7. Scientists from IBM found a ceramic material that became a superconductor at a temperature of 23 K. 8. Potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity are unlikely to be possible and practical.
Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте 11А инфинитивные конструкции.
Упражнение 13. Сравните пары предложений, переведите.
1. Designers report a new manned craft to be able to submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet. A new manned craft is reported to be able to submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet. 2. We know radio navigation stations to be located at different places around the world to guide the pilots. Radio navigation stations are known to be located all over the world to guide the pilots. 3. People considered dirigibles to be too slow and unreliable, that is why they were not used for a long time. Dirigibles were considered to be slow and unreliable. 4. Experts expect the new submersible craft to move round the ocean floor like a sports car. The new submersible craft is expected to move round the ocean floor like a sports car. 5. Scientists in many countries consider propeller engines to be much more economical. Propeller engines are considered to be much more economical.
6. We know propeller planes to fly slower than jet planes, therefore, a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been built. But as propeller planes are known to fly slower than jet planes a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been built.
Упражнение 14. Найдите предложения со сложным подлежащим, переведите.
1. The phenomenon of superconductivity appears to have been discovered as early as 1911. 2. Before 1911 superconductivity was assumed to be impossible. 3. Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new conducting materials and for practical applications of the phenomenon. 4. The latest achievements in the field of superconductivity are certain to make a revolution in technology and industry. 5. Recommendations from physicists will allow the necessary measures to be taken to protect the air from pollution. 6. Lasers are sure to do some jobs better and at much lower cost than other devices. 7. M. Faraday supposed a light beam to reverse its polarisation as it passed through a magnetised crystal.
8. Superconductors are likely to find applications we don’t even think of at present. 9. A Dutch physicist found a superconducting material to return to normal state when a strong magnetic field was applied. 10. Properties of materials obtained in space prove to be much better than those produced on Earth. 11. There are prospects for lasers to be used in long distance communication and for transmission of energy to space stations. 12. The electrical resistivity of a mercury wire was found to disappear when cooled to —269 °C.
13. Additional radio transmitters let the pilot make his approach to an airport by watching his flight instruments. 14. There seems to be a lot of alloys and compounds that become superconductors under certain conditions.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 15. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова.
resistant, resist, resistance, resistor, resistivity; superconductivity, superconductive, superconductor, superconducting; theory, theorist, theoretical, theorize; physics, physicist, physical, physically; explain, explainable, explanation; store, storage, storable.
Упражнение 16. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.
достижение — achievable, achievement, achieve;
электронный — electronics, electronic, electron;
легче — easily, easy, easier;
удовлетворять — satisfy, satisfactory, satisfaction;
действительно — reality, realise, really.
Упражнение 17. Переведите слова с суффиксом -ward (-wards), обозначающим направление.
toward(s), forward(s), backward(s), afterward(s), downward(s), outward(s), northward(s), southward(s), rearward(s), homeward^), sideward(s), windward(s), upward(s).
Упражнение 18. Найдите слова с нестандартным образованием множественного числа.
There are a few words taken over from Latin and Greek that still retain their original plurals in English. In some cases we can use either. Formulas is seen more often than formulae. Antenna — antennae (pi). Many think that media, strata and phenomena are all singular. They aren’t. Data, a plural, is used both ways.
Here are some foreign singular and plural forms of words often used in English. Latin: medium (a means of mass communication) — media, nucleus (ядро атома) — nuclei; Greek: analysis — analyses; axis — axes; crisis — crises; hypothesis — hypotheses; phenomenon — phenomena.
Упражнение 19. Найдите синонимы и антонимы.
below — above; useful — useless; easy — difficult; field — sphere; to meet demands — to meet requirements (needs); full — complete; to use — to apply; to get — to obtain; moreover — besides; sufficient — enough; likely — unlikely; to continue — to discontinue; conductivity — nonconductivity; to vary — to change; to lead to — to result in; recent — latest; advantage — disadvantage;
low — high; believable — unbelievable; to lose — to find; tiny — huge; liquid — solid; unexpected — expected; common — ordinary.
Упражнение 20. Запомните выделенные слова и словосочетания.
1. The climate in this part of the world is the most suitable for people to live in. It is neither too hot, nor too cold. 2. Many lasers give off invisible radiation either infrared or ultraviolet. 3. There is the tropical zone on either side of the Equator. 4. It is possible to divide all countries into classes: developed and developing countries. Various criteria may be used to include a particular country in either of the two categories. 5. The numbers are either odd or even.
6. Such satellites can contain either television cameras or photographic equipment for transmitting pictures to Earth.
«I see you are not a scientific person, my friend».
«Why do you say that?»
«You do not take good care of your car. You have no water in your radiator».
«I thought that I had plenty of water».
«You have no oil either. You will ruin your car if you run it without oil».
«Have I plenty of water in the storage battery?»
«No, you haven’t a drop».
«I haven’t any air in my spare tire, either».
«Have you any extra tubes?»
«No, I haven’t, but I have a good tube in the spare tire. I had four new tubes when I met a man who was having tire trouble. He hadn’t an extra tube. I let him have my tubes. I suppose he was not a scientific person either. His car was in a worse condition than mine is.»
How Did It All Begin?
Do you ever wonder why people do or wear, or say certain things? Why do they shake hands when they meet? Many things you say and do could have reasons that date back thousands of years.
For example, it is very strange to think that shaking hands — a friendly custom (обычай) today — was originally a means of keeping a stranger’s (незнакомец) weapon hand where it could do no harm.
In primitive times, man never went about without some weapon of defence — usually a club (дубинка). Upon meeting a stranger a man could either stand and fight or turn away before discovering if the stranger was a friend or an enemy, or greet the stranger and possibly become friends.
But how could he be sure the stranger would be friendly and how could the stranger trust in return? There was only one way to show friendly intentions and that was for both men to lay down their weapons and hold out empty hands. For added insurance, each would reach for the other’s right hand. As long as both men’s hands were safely clasped, neither could harm the other. Therefore, a handshake originally was a means of self-defence.
Упражнение 21. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов и запомните их.
teach, fighting, wore, frozen, letting, carried on, laid down.
Упражнение 22. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.
The ancient Greeks are known to have been great watchers of the sky and also great thinkers. As they watched the sky night after night, it was natural for them to think that the Earth stood and the stars, planets, sun and moon were moving round the earth in space. They thought the sun to be between Venus and Mars. To explain the movement of the planets, however, was very difficult. Then one day a young scientist named Copernicus at Krakow University in Poland supposed that the sun and not the Earth should be the centre of everything. He was the first to explain properly our solar system. The ancient Greeks had made the mistake of thinking that because the stars and planets seemed to move as they looked at the sky, the Earth must stand. If you sat in a train and looked out at the trees, it would be easy to understand their mistake. The trees seem to be moving backwards, but really it is the train that is moving forwards.
CONVERSATION
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. What field of science studies the phenomenon of superconductivity? (physics) 2. What can a nation have if it is the first to master this new field of science? (prestige, scientific advantage, economic and military benefits) 3. What is superconductivity? (the loss of electrical resistivity by a material on being cooled to temperatures near absolute zero) 4. What is absolute zero? (0 Kelvin or —273 °C) 5. What scientists worked in the field of superconductivity research? (Dutch physicist K. Onnes, Russian physicists L. Landau and V. Ginzburg, and a number of American scientists) 6. What materials are the best super conductors? (ceramic materials)
7. What are the potential technical uses of superconductivity? (nuclear research, power generation, electronics, etc.)
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.
1. Recent achievements in superconductivity research are
2. They may be compared with
3. Superconductivity is known to
4. While carrying out his low temperature research he