4. Before World War II few people had television sets.
5. A lot of people have cellphones, answerphones and mobile phones now.
6. It is possible to exchange news with people in most parts of the world by telephone.
Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски глаголами connect, transmit, communicate и их производными.
1. A small radio receiver called a radiopager makes it possible for people to ... with each other wherever they are.
2. Data ... services, known as teletext... text and graphics over a long distance as part of the television video signal.
3. In telecommunication the information can be directed between ... and receivers by cables of various kinds.
4. The lines which ... telephones within a building are the simplest type of... line.
5. Mobile phone systems normally do not... directly with other mobile phones. They send messages to the control base station.
6. How long will the ... of the new telephone take?
7. You can now ... your computer to computers all over the world by means of the Internet.
Упражнение 6. А. Назовите 10—15 слов и словосочетаний на тему «Means of communication».
В. Speak about:
Your favourite TV programmes at the moment.
Do you often watch football match live (as it happens) on TV or do you watch recorded highlights (parts of the game after it has been played)? Do you enjoy watching the commercials (the advertisements in programmes)? Do you watch satellite TV and/or cable TV?
LESSON 5
Определения
Определительные придаточные предложения Слова carry и mean и словосочетания с ними Суффиксы -/ve, -иге Префикс super-
Text 5A. Is there an End to the Computer Race? Text 5B. Computers Concern You Text 5C.
Text 5D. The Library of Congress
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на разные способы выражения определения.
a new invention, to be of great importance, books available in this library, at this time, our professor’s lectures, the building of their institute, an institute’s library, a television programme, our central TV programme, the first television set, the first pocket-size colour television set, today’s shows, a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box, the 1939 World Fair, a reading room, people living in different time zones of the country, modern TV sets appearing now, a written text, a factory built in Siberia, an article to translate, the first to translate those texts.
Упражнение 2. Укажите предложения, где выделенное слово является определением.
1. Complex systems of radio transmission networks have been set up throughout the world. 2. Scientists all over the world were quick to realize the importance of radio and contributed much to
its further development. 3. The Russian scientist A.S.Popov worked much at the problem of radio communication. 4. It is necessary to radio the latest news to distant parts of the country. 5. The system of communication in any country is unthinkable today without satellites. 6. Electronic technology has made it possible to set up automatic communication systems. 7. A new international orbital system provides telephone, telegraph and telex communication with ships practically in every part of the World Ocean. 8. It is known that a photon is a particle of light. 9. Some specialists expect that a photon can greatly increase the operation of a computer. 10. Photon computers are quite possible in the not so far future.
Упражнение 3. Найдите определения в предложениях и переведите их.
A. 1. There are twenty-five students in our group, five students got excellent marks for all their exams. 2. Students studying at our institute must know mathematics well. 3. The device made at our laboratory will be used in industry. 4. It is a short and easy text, our students don’t need a dictionary to translate it. 5. Scientists working at new computers have a lot of different problems to solve. 6. A citizen of our country was the first to circle the globe. 7. The first television black-and-white pictures produced a sensation in 1939.
8. A tiny nine-by-twelve inch box was displayed at the 1939 World Fair. 9. Now we can see many different radio and TV sets in every house. 10. Computers of different types and sizes have appeared in every country of the world.
B. 1. Materials necessary at present to produce supercomputers are difficult to make. 2. A system capable of transmitting long distance messages was developed at the end of the last century. 3. People present at the World Fair in New York were interested in the new invention. 4. Some general engineering subjects difficult for the first-year students are necessary for studying specialized subjects.
Упражнение 4. Назовите подлежащее придаточного определительного предложения, переведите и укажите, где можно опустить союзное слово.
1. Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for letters of the alphabet. 2. Al. Bell found an assistant who was a specialist in electrical engineering. 3. They wanted to build a machine which people could use to talk over long distances. 4. A television screen and camera that will be used with a usual telephone are very small.
5. People who come to the Aircraft Fair in Paris see new designs of aircraft from different countries. 6. Bell did not know German
which most writers of scientific and technical papers used at the time. 7. The decimal system that was developed by French scientists was introduced in Russia by D.I. Mendeleev.
Упражнение 5. Измените предложения, где это возможно, согласно образцам и переведите.
A. Например: The experiments which Popov made were discussed at the University meeting. The experiments Popov made were discussed at the University meeting.
1. Newton’s great work which was published in 1687 is called «Principia». 2. The Russian Chemical Society which is named after Mendeleev was organised more than a century ago. 3. The subjects that the students study in the first and second years are very important for their future speciality. 4. The invention which Popov made did not interest the government.
B. Например: The laboratory in which the students will work is in a new building. The laboratory which the students will work in is in a new building. The laboratory the students will work in is in a new building.
1. The film about which we were told had been made several years before. 2. The magazine in which a very interesting article is published is available in our library. 3. The material of which this instrument is made is a new one. 4. This is a subject about which we don’t know much. 5. The cosmonauts about whom we heard so much came to our town. 6. Have you seen the main components which the new device consists of?
Упражнение 6. Найдите бессоюзные определительные придаточные предложения, переведите их.
1. The building our students live in is not far from the institute.
2. Bell was making his experiment in a room next to the room Watson worked in. 3. For a long time Bell couldn’t get the results he was looking for. 4. The discovery of Newton’s mistake we shall read about was made by a young physicist. 5. When Roentgen made his discovery the room he was experimenting in was dark. 6. The plant this material is produced at is in the Urals. 7. The problem this article deals with is connected with the subject we study. 8. It is difficult to imagine the world we live in without radio, television and telephone.
Упражнение 7. Определите, являются ли выделенные слова существительным или глаголом. Назовите подтверждающие это признаки.
1. this means that; this means; it means; new means; this means is. 2. this increase is; this increases; it increases; nothing increases;
its increase. 3. these results; this results in; both results; this result; both result in; it results from.
Упражнение 8. Переведите выделенные словосочетания, обращая внимание на различные значения слова carry.
1. During the course of study students carry out practical work in well-equipped laboratories. 2. People are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars equipped with electronic devices. 3. Intensive work and research are being carried out on new robots in many countries. 4. A new computer carries out a few hundred thousand calculations in a few seconds. 5. Peter, help me carry this heavy box, please.
Упражнение 9. Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний.
to be in general usage; electronically controlled; in other words; of a few square millimetres; commonly; the more ..., the more; operation by operation; according to; advantage over; a thousand times faster.
согласно; размером в несколько мм; с электронным управлением; чем больше ..., тем больше; являться общеупотребительным; операция за операцией; обычно; в 1000 раз быстрее; другими словами; преимущество по сравнению.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Упражнение 10. А. Переведите следующие производные слова:
глагол или существительное + -ive = прилагательное to act — действовать —> active — деятельный intensity- интенсивность -» intensive- интенсивный
to conserve — conservative, progress — progressive, effect — effective, mass — massive, to react — reactive;
суффикс существительного -иге nature — природа; culture — культура
structure, manufacture, future, measure, feature, agriculture; префикс super- (сверх, супер) supernatural — сверхестественный; superpower — сверхдержава
supergenius, supercomputer, superman, supermarket, supersonic, superhot, superconductor.
В. Образуйте и переведите производные слова согласно образцу:
префиксы micro-, mini- (микро-, мини-)
microscope — микроскоп, microscopic — микроскопический
computer, chip, electronics, fiche, film, phone, processor, wave, organism;
minimum — минимум, minimal — минимальный, minimize — минимизировать, сводить к минимуму
computer, screen, tour, bus, skirt, -sized.
Упражнение 11. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
computer, supercomputer ['sju:pakam'pju:ta], general ['(fcenaral], millions, electron, electronics, electronic instrument, electronically controlled machines [ma'Jknz], airplane, globe ['glaub], millimeter, center, operation, components [kam'paunants], materials [ma'tiarialz], laboratory [l9'boratari], modern, seconds, physical ['fizikal], limit, specialists ['spejialists], photons ['fautonz].
Упражнение 12. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.
race [reis], usage ['juizicfe], device [di'vais], circle ['sa:kl], world [wa:ld], circuit ['sa:kit], undoubtedly [An'dautidli], require [ri'kwaia], quality ['kwoliti], quantity ['kwontiti], purity ['pjuariti], produce [pra'dju:s], throughout [Gru'aut], reliable [ri'laiabl], whole [haul], perform [pa'fo:m], simultaneously [,simal'teinjasli], basic ['beisik], available [a'veilabl], research [ri'sa:tf], expect [iks'pekt].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
according to adv — согласно, соответственно available а — доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении beam п — луч built-in p.p. — встроенный by means of prp — посредством, при помощи
calculation п — вычисление generation п — поколение go on v — продолжать (ся) machine-tool п — станок matter п — дело, вопрос ordinary — обыкновенный perform v — выполнять, делать, исполнять quality п — качество reliable а — надежный
capable a — способный circuit n — схема, цепь close a — близкий, тесный complete v — завершать control — управлять, контролировать
depend on v — зависеть от fast a — быстрый
require v — требовать(ся) speed n — скорость surround v — окружать task n — задание, задача up to prp — вплоть до usage n — использование whereas conj — тогда как, в то время как
Техт 5А
Прочитайте текст и прокомментируйте его заголовок. Прав ли автор, дав такой заголовок? Найдите в тексте соответствующие факты. Переведите.
Is there an End to the Computer Race?
Today the word «electronics» is in general usage. Millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radio and TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic world.
And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate1 of a few square millimetres, an integrated circuit2, or a chip3, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the most sophisticated4 inventions of man, science and technology. It is in the heart of every electronic device and the more cassette recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.
When we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology5 and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic «components», the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.
In the past it took6 scientists and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the
supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done simultaneously.
In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future. Is there an end to this race?
According to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded as a true physical limit. But other specialists think that photons will make the operation a thousand times faster. This means that in the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light. Light has several advantages over electronics: light beams are faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another without interference7. Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced, and intensive research on optical-electronic computers is being carried out in a number of countries around the world. In a few decades a new age of light may replace the still youthful electronic age. The race is going on.
Notes to the Text
1. silicon plate — кремниевая пластина
2. integrated circuit — интегральная схема
3. chip — кристалл
4. sophisticated — сложный
5. high technology — передовая технология
6. it takes ... (one year) — требуется
7. interference — взаимное влияние, помехи
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 13. Просмотрите текст 5А и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is this text about? 2. What new things appeared in people’s everyday life after World War II? 3. What is at the center of all these things? 4. What applications of computers do you know?
5. Where else (еще) may computers be used? 6. How does an ordinary computer (a supercomputer) operate? 7. What is the speed of a new supercomputer? 8. What is the task of engineers in the field of computer development? 9. What types of computers do you know?
10. What are the prospects in the development of computers?
Упражнение 14. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста 5А.
1. Nowadays an integrated circuit is the main component of everyday device. 2. Supercomputers are in general usage now.
3. The operation of integrated circuits depends on their microscopic component quality. 4. Some researchers think that we are close to a physical limit in increasing computer operation speed.
5. Supercomputers are similar to ordinary computers. 6. By the beginning of the 21st century the electronic age may replace the light age. 7. It is possible to expect the appearance of optical-electronic computers in the future.
Упражнение 15. Найдите в тексте 5А цепочки существительных-определений, состоящих не менее чем из трех компонентов, выделите основное слово и переведите.
Упражнение 16. Найдите в третьем абзаце текста 5А бессоюзное определительное придаточное предложение и переведите его.
Упражнение 17. Укажите, чем выражено определение в предложениях.
A. 1. Yesterday we watched a very late TV programme of a football match. 2. Y.Gagarin made the world’s first space flight on April 12, 1961. 3. It was announced that 1000 well-equipped sport clubs could be opened in this country. 4. Our electronics and radio electronics industry have developed from the country’s only radio laboratory in Nizny Novgorod. 5. This country has powerful energy systems with the world’s largest hydro and thermal power stations and nuclear plants. 6. How can architects solve the problem of living in a region where night lasts for several months and where the temperature may be between 40 °C and 50 °C?
B. 1. The experiments carried out by Bell and Watson didn’t give any positive results for a long time. 2. D.K. Chernov laid the foundation of the science dealing with metals. 3. In many countries scientists interested in electricity wanted to find out whether it could be used for a long distance communication. 4. Articles published by Franklin in 1752 dealt with electricity. 5. Communication satellites used by all countries make intercontinental television transmission possible.
C. 1. Nowadays computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. 2. People present at the demonstration of Popov’s invention were sure of its great future. 3. Wind and solar energies available throughout the earth must be used for useful purposes. 4. Russian engineers have developed the cargo airplane
«Ruslan» capable of carrying load up to 150 tons. 5. Computers available everywhere nowadays make our life easier.
D. 1. Polzunov was the first to construct a steam engine. 2. Mendeleev was the first to make a classification of chemical elements.
3. The thermometer is a device to measure temperature. 4. Faraday was the first to invent a dynamo. 5. A telephone set is a device to reproduce sounds.
E. 1. Materials new computers depend on must be of the best quality. 2. The number of components supercomputers consist of is great. 3. The plants computer components are produced at must be superclean. 4. The laboratory the Curies worked in was very primitive. 5. The space laboratory the Russian cosmonauts live and work in is in the orbit for a long time. 6. Satellites our communication goes through are sent into space regularly. 7. The problem Bell was interested in was not an easy one and it took several years to solve it. 8. The problem this article deals with is connected with the subject we study. 9. The changes and movements of the air we are surrounded with influence our lives. 10. This is an article that deals with some environmental problems we face.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 18. Образуйте слова с префиксом super- и переведите их.
man, power, genius, hot, hard, natural, conductor.
Упражнение 19. Найдите слова с отрицательным значением.
true, unusual, important, disappearance, incapable, information, undiscovered, capable, untrue, changing, usual, undetected, unimportant, appearance, detected, discovered, intention, possible, include, impossible, disadvantages, imagine, unchanging.
Упражнение 20. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.
superconductivity, superconductive, quality, qualitative, qualitatively, quantity, quantitative, quantitatively, pure, purity, manufacture.
Упражнение 21. Назовите производные от следующих слов, переведите их.
electron, operate, compute, calculate.
Упражнение 22. Расположите слова в алфавитном порядке.
still, start, specialist, speed, speak, second, search, science, sophisticated, surround, supercomputer, ship, simultaneously.
Упражнение 23. Назовите исходную форму слов.
factories, carried, living, more, depends, components, highest, took, qualitatively.
| В |
Упражнение 24. Найдите в колонке В эквиваленты словосочетаниям из колонки А.
A
1. to make faster
2. able
3. a lot of
4. at present
5. to make better
6. to be different from
7. a computer which does all operations simultaneously
8. it takes
a. many
b. supercomputer
c. to improve
d. capable
e. nowadays
f. to increase
g. to differ
h. it requires
Упражнение 25. Найдите антонимы.
simple, untrue, begin, sophisticated, reliable, efficient, close to, true, complete, low, disadvantage, far from, high, unreliable, inefficient, advantage.
Упражнение 26. Переведите выделенные слова и запомните их.
1. In the past «Engineer» meant a designer of engines. 2. The word «a means» means «средство». 3. The meaning of «telemetry» is «measuring at a distance» and is a combination of Greek and Latin words. 4. By means of satellites we can communicate with any country of the world. 5. There were no means of direct communication before the telephone was invented. 6. By communication we mean various ways to send information. 7. Scientists reported that we had technical means to use more channels on a TV set.
8. The importance of space means of communication is increasing every year. 9. By what means is speech transmitted over a distance?
10. By means of telephone people communicate with each other at great distances. 11. The mean distance between these two objects is not known yet.
Упражнение 27. Заполните пропуски словами few или a few.
1. ... people know that the first programmer in the world was Lord Bayron’s daughter. 2. In the past astronomers spent all their lives to make ... hundred thousand calculations. 3. A calculator makes these calculations in ... seconds. 4. In the next ... years a
new generation computer will be developed. 5.... people read that the first electric light illuminated the laboratory of Vasily Petrov, a St. Petersburg physicist, in 1862.
Упражнение 28. Обратите внимание на перевод слова which.
1. In our institute the study of theory is linked with practical training, which is very important for future engineers. 2. Students have industrial training at various plants, which allows them not only to watch production processes, but also to take part in production. 3. It is now possible to find a book or an article in this library very quickly, which is extremely important for specialists. 4. Pierre Curie studied the properties of crystals, which led him to the discovery of the piezoelectric phenomenon.
Упражнение 29. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения.
1. There are some students in the room now. 2. Are there any students in the classroom now? 3. Everybody knows that one can find any book in the Lenin library, 4. There are no students in the classroom now. 5. I was looking for the new reference book on physics everywhere, but couldn’t find it. 6.1 must have some paper, I can’t write anything. 7. This man knows something, but he does not want to tell us. 8.1 have seen you somewhere before. 9. No one said anything to us about it at the meeting. 10. In our institute library I always find everything I need. 11. We could park our car nowhere. 12. They found nobody at home. 13. I have been nowhere this summer. I had no vacation. 14. Every faculty at our institute has a computer.
Упражнение 30. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.
won, rung, driven, run, fed, laid, read
Упражнение 31. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.
Let’s look at the progress the computers have made in their development. Besides the great changes in size and speed, we now have machines which change numbers into pictures, words and sounds. The next big change will be when we get computers that will understand human language. But now if you want to programme your own computer, you must learn its language. It does not understand yours. For example you talk with an Englishman. You make one small grammar mistake «have» instead of «has». The man understands what you mean and the talk goes on. But if you make even the smallest mistake in computer language, the talk breaks down and you must go back to the beginning.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. What influences the operation of an integrated circuit? (the quality of microscopic components it consists of) 2. What is the function of a computer? (making a great number of calculations at a very high speed) 3. What will be the speed of the fifth-generation computers? (100 billion operations a second) 4. What can increase the operation speed many times compared to the present computers? (a photon) 5. What physical phenomenon can be used to improve a computer’s speed? (light) 6. What are the advantages of light for computation purposes over electronics? (the capability to move faster, in parallel lines and pass one another)
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.
1. Nowadays electronic devices
2. We are surrounded
3. There are
4. A personal computer
5. People are carried by
6. The modern production is unthinkable
7. It is impossible to imagine