1. to protect the environment

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2. become seriously polluted

3. suffer from pollution

4. interaction of all processes

5. the essential feature

6. protection is imperative today

7. public organizations

8. safeguarding natural resources

В. Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А соответствующее значение из колонки В.

А

a. do not feel well

b. for all people

c. keep safe from smth.

d. protection

e. needing attention

f. important

g. necessary, most important, fundamental

h. action on each other

Упражнение 2. А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значе­нии выделенных слов.

One of the most urgent environmental problems in the world today is the shortage of clean water. Access to clean drinking water is a basic human need. But industrial pollution has made many sources of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have be­come poisonous.

Lake Baikal is one of the world’s largest and most beautiful lakes. Russians call it the Holy Sea. It contains a rich variety of ani­mals and plants, including 1,300 rare species that do not exist any­where else in the world. However, they are being destroyed by the massive industrial effluent, which some factories still pour into the lake every day.

A few years ago, people thought that the supply of clean water was limitless. Now clean water is scarce, and we are beginning to respect this precious resource. We must protect the clean water that remains for the sake of our children and grandchildren.

В. Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А соответствующее из колонки В.

A

a. group, sort, kind of

b. in the interest of

c. unusual, not often seen

d. of great value (price)

e. needing action

f. not available, not equal to the demand

g. come freely, flow in a continuous stream

h. way (road) to, means of using

i. think about, pay attention to

j. living organism the kind smaller than trees k. break, put an end to 1. harmful, causing death m. waste from a factory

People are worried about the (1) ... (the air, water, and land around us) as a result of the (2)... effects of human activity. «De­velopments» that are making our life more comfortable such as industrialization, urbanization and the use of cars all (3) ... the earth’s atmosphere. There are some of the (4)... problems today: the ozone layer, (5)... warming (an (6)... in world temperature), the conservation and (7) ... of nature and natural (8) ... on a global (9) ...

Упражнение 5. А. Назовите 10—15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Environment protection».

В. Speak about:

The problem of clean water in your town.

LESSON 3

Времена группы Perfect Active, Passive Подлежащее, сказуемое Суффиксы -er/-or, -ant/~ent Префиксы ил-///я-

Text ЗА. Electricity

Text ЗВ. A Great Citizen of the World

Text 3C. Solar Light by Night

Text 3D. Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Объясните употребление времен группы Perfect, пере­ведите.

1. This is a very good book, I have just read it with pleasure. 2. He has been absent this week. He has been ill. 3.1 haven’t seen you for a long time. Where have you been all this time? 4. We haven’t heard about her since 1989. 5. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 6. Be­fore we came to the next lecture we had studied the material of the first one. 7. Have you already finished your diploma work? No, I shall have finished it by the end of June. 8. They will not have passed their exams by the time you return. 9. Many students have been enroled into universities this year. 10. The translation has not been finished yet. It will have been finished by the end of the month. 11. Have you brought these journals with you? No, these journals had been brought by my sister before I returned from St. Petersburg. Don’t you know that?

Упражнение 2. А. Выберите правильную форму сказуемого.

1. Не (has graduated, graduated) from MSTU named after Bauman this year. He (graduated, will have graduated) from MSTU named after Bauman in 6 years. 2. She (saw, has seen) us in the morning yesterday. She (saw, has seen) us this morning. 3.1 (have met, met) him last year. I never (had met, have met) him before.

4. Our group (will do, will have done) a lab work tomorrow. 5. This problem (is discussed, has been discussed) much in the press lately. This problem (was discussed, had been discussed) yesterday.

В. Переделайте предложения из действительного в страдательный залог.

1. The students have done their homework very well. 2. Bob has left his notebook at home. 3.1 have told you about a lecture. 4. The laboratory assistant had prepared the experiment by 2 o’clock.

5. She had finished her test when we came. 6. The teacher will have corrected our dictation by the end of the week. 7. They have not made any mistakes.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения.

1. Что вы сделали сегодня? — Я напечатала (to type) много писем. — Я хочу посмотреть письмо к мистеру Д. — Вот, по­жалуйста. Я только что напечатала его. — А письмо к мистеру Р.? — Я еще не напечатала это письмо. Я напечатаю его к концу рабочего дня. 2. Вчера мы встретили наших друзей. Мы не видели их с окончания университета. До возвращения в Москву они работали в Орле. 3. Новый завод будет построен к началу следующего года. Он будет оснащен самым современ­ным оборудованием.

Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и объясните употребление времен.

At the Institute

Vera: Hello, Mike! What are you doing here?

Mike: Hello, Vera! I am reading for my mathematics exam.

V.: But your group has passed it already, hasn’t it?

М.: Yes, it has, but I was absent at this time. So I’ll take this exam

tomorrow.

V.: Is it difficult for you to take this exam?

М.: No, it is not. I have finished a specialized mathematical school

where mathematics was studied more thoroughly (тщательно) than at other schools. Besides, I have taken part in a mathemat­ics contest of our city.

V.: Really? Have you? When was it?

М.: It was last year.

V.: Were you the first at this contest?

М. : No, I was the second. The first one was the boy from one of the Novosibirsk mathematical schools.

V.: Have you ever been to Novosibirsk?

М.: Yes, I have been there this year with a group of students of our

faculty.

V.: What have you seen there?

М.: Oh, I have seen a lot. But now I have no time to tell you about

it. Well, Vera, what are you doing here? Are you reading for your exams too?

V.: No, I am not. I’ve passed all my exams with good marks this

term and so my holidays have already started. I’m waiting for my friend here. Good luck, Mike.

Упражнение 5. Определите, чем выражено подлежащее каждого предло­жения, переведите.

1. After the international conference on ecology it has become possible to begin working at environmental problems on a global scale. 2. Some scientists and engineers are working at improving traditional production processes, others are developing new tech­nologies. 3. The new instruments will enable us to determine the level of pollution in our rivers. 4. Our technological advances make it possible to deal with the most difficult problems. 5. Our lecturer’s book on strength of materials is well-known and popular. 6. One must study six years to become an engineer. 7. There is a big library in the new building of our institute. It is a very good library. One may get all the necessary books there and it is possible to keep them till the end of the academic year. 8. It is well-known that techno­logical progress is impossible without electronics, computers, ro­bots and new materials. 9. That ecological problems have become the most important ones at present is evident to all. 10. What is necessary for the students is to get a good qualification. 11.That

S.P. Korolyev was the founder of practical cosmonautics is a well- known fact. 12. That theory is combined with practical training is a very good tradition of our educational system. 13. That it is neces­sary to develop an international ecological program is realized throughout the world.

Упражнение б. Найдите сказуемое в каждом предложении, переведите.

1. The electronic industry produces several types of minicom­puters. 2. The air in many cities has been polluted by traffic and industry. 3. The lecture on environment protection was very inte­resting. 4. Mankind has never experienced changes in life and work on such a scale. 5. The task of the world community is to improve the ecological situation in the world. 6. In six years we shall be­come engineers. 7. It is possible to take measures to protect envi­ronment on a global level by the joint efforts of all countries.

8. Professor N. is the dean of our faculty. 9. The important feature of our education is that it combines theory with practical training.

10. The main tendency of our life is that computers are being used in all spheres of technology, science and everyday life. 11. The es­sential feature in environment protection is that most of it is done by public initiative. 12. What is necessary today is that the protec­tion of global natural resources must be planned. 13. Today one of the most important problems is that big cities are polluted.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение 7. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно об­разцу:

глагол + -ег/-ог = существительное to teach — учить, обучать —> teacher — учитель to regulate — регулировать —> regulator — регулятор to lecture — lecturer, to speak — speaker, to invent — inventor, to generate — generator, to transform — transformer, to indicate — indicator, to compute — computer;

суффиксы прилагательных -ant/-ent to excel — превосходить -» excellent — превосходный important, efficient, distant, evident, confident, recent;

отрицательные префиксы un-/im- questionable — спорный -» unquestionable — неоспоримый,

несомненный

material — immaterial, limited — unlimited, important — unim­portant, usual — unusual, natural — unnatural, necessary — un­necessary, known — unknown, qualified — unqualified, changing — unchanging, seen — unseen, possible — impossible, perfect — im­perfect, personal — impersonal, mobile — immobile.

Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

electricity [ilek'trisiti], civilization [,sivilai'zeijan], economic and social progress ['praugras], transformer [traens'fo:ma], uni­versal [ju:ni'va:sal], electrometallurgy [I'lektraume'taelacfei], ca­ble ['keibl], specific [spi'sifik], machine [ma'JTn], photocopying machine, radar ['reida], Paris ['paeris], generator ['cfcenareita], battery ['baetari], lamp [laemp], dynamo ['dainemeu], indicator ['indikeite], nation ['neijsn], energy ['enscfei], service ['se:vis], laser ['leiza], compact ['kompaekt].

Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.

imagine [I'maedjin], turn [te:n], daily ['deili], completely [kam'pli:tli], power ['paua], appearance [a'piarans], gear [gis], pulley ['puli], whole [haul], range [reindj], device [di'vais], source [so:s], century ['sentfuri], design [di'zain], since [sins], consumption [kan'sAmpJan], double [dAbl], health [helO], reduce [ri'dju:s], beam [bi:m], advantages [ad'vamtidjiz], clean [kli:n], regulated ['regjuleitid], generate ['djenareit], human ['hju:man], latest ['leitist].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

advantage и — преимущество appearance п — появление application п — применение, заявление

completely adv — полностью, целиком

consumption п — потребление, расход

cover п — охватить, охваты­вать,

design v — конструировать, проектировать

device п — прибор, устройство double v — удваивать efficient а — эффективный generate v — вырабатывать, производить

imagine v — представлять себе, воображать invent v — изобретать

power и — энергия, мощность property п — свойство recent а — недавний, послед­ний

reduce v — уменьшать, сни­жать

replace v — заменять

set up (set) v — воздвигать,

сооружать

source п — источник state п — положение, состоя­ние

such as — такой как transform v — преобразовы­вать

turn v — поворачиваться, об­ратиться; превратить (into) wide а — широкий without ргр — без whole а — весь, целый

in the case of — в случае

to be based on — основываться,

быть основанным на

Text ЗА

Прочитайте текст, перечислите наиболее важные изобретения в области электротехники. Переведите.

Electricity

It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed.

Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applica­tions of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electro­metallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.

With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables re­placed transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys^[3] in the 19-th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances² have become a part of our ev­eryday lives.

Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromag­netism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.

The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator — a new compact source of electricity — was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.

Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last cen­tury with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and net­works were set up, dynamos and induction motors³ were designed.

Since the beginning of the 20th century the successful develop­ment of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.

Today consumption of electricity per capita⁴ is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Elec­tricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost.

One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products⁵. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house wash­ing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly⁶ electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

1. transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys — транс­миссионные валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки

2. time and labour saving appliances — электроприборы, эко­номящие время и труд

3. induction motors — индукционные моторы

4. per capita — на человека; на душу населения

5. by-products — побочные продукты

6. truly — поистине

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст ЗА и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. What industrial applications of electricity do you know? 3. What home applications of electricity do you know? 4. Where was the generator developed? 5. Who in­vented the electric lamp? 6. Do you know who invented the dy­namo? 7. Can you imagine our life without electricity? Why?

Упражнение 11. Определите функции глагола to have, переведите.

1. Electricity has many useful properties: it is clean and gener­ates no by-products. 2. It has many important applications in in­dustry as well as in our houses. 3. The latest laser devices have found application in medicine. 4. Electricity has provided mankind with the most efficient source of energy. 5. No other source of en­ergy has been so widely used as electricity. 6. We have many various electric devices in our houses. 7. Our lives have been completely transformed with the appearance of electricity. 8. The generator re­placed batteries that had been used before. 9.The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.

Упражнение 12. Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое в предложениях, пере­ведите.

Упражнение 13. Определите время и залог глагола-сказуемого, переведи­те предложения.

A. 1.1 have not cleaned the window yet. I am cleaning it now. I have cleaned it. 2. But Bob has a different idea. 3. Last year she passed school leaving exams. 4. We will be studying for our exams at the end of the term. 5. While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 6. Will people speak the same language all over the world? 7. People will land on Mars in the 21st century. 8. I think cars will be powered by electric batteries in five years’ time and they will not be powered by atomic power in 100 years’ time. 9. The Earth is getting warmer because of the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

B. 1. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the fu­ture. 2. The transformer was invented and the first electric lines and networks were set up at the end of the 19th century. 3. New powerful electric stations must be built because it is electricity that offers improved standards of life and work. 4. A combination of electric lines and networks are being set up throughout the country.

5. Electric power has become universal 6. Electricity is transmitted to distant parts of this country by a combination of electric net­works. 7. Our power stations have been connected by high voltage transmission lines into several networks.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Управление 14. Определите, к какой части речи относятся производные слова и переведите их.

invent — inventor, inventive, invention;

transform — transformer, transformation;

generate — generator, generation, generative;

pollute — polluter, pollutant, pollution;

effect — effective, effectively;

vary — variety, various;

possible — impossible, possibly, possibility;

complete — completely;

recent — recently;

replace — replacement;

economic — economical, economically.

Упражнение 15. Найдите:

а) синонимы

application, appliance, latest, power, use, enable, reach, de­vice, longstanding, make it possible, achieve, energy, transform, old, turn to, most recent;

б) антонимы

future, unlimited, with, past, necessary, limited, old, unneces­sary, without, present.

Упражнение 16. Поставьте глагол в скобках в соответствующем времени.

My brother (enter) Moscow University (long ago, already, just, next year, last year, this year, by the end of the month, when I came to Moscow).

Упражнение 17. Найдите предложения со словами to have, one, that, пере­ведите.

Although the US is a large country with many peoples the lan­guage is almost the same wherever one goes. There are two reasons for this. One is that people move around a great deal in the US. A man can grow up in one part of the country, go to college in an­other place, find work in another place and marry a girl from still another part of the country.

The second important factor is public communication. Movies, radio and television all have standard way of speech. The southern part of the US is probably the region with the most individual speech. Southern pronunciation differs from that in the rest of the country. Southerners talk slowly and often do not pronounce «г» or a final «g». Another common Southern expression is the unusual use of the word «evening». In most parts of the country this means the time after the sun goes down, the early part of the night, but to a Southerner it can mean any time after twelve o’clock noon. In the southern mountains there have not been new settlers from other countries for two hundred years. They have ways of speech that are like the English spoken centuries ago when the first people came there from England. Many songs they sing today are those sung long ago in England.

Упражнение 18. Поставьте глагол to be в соответствующей форме.

Today is ..., ..., 20...

I ... at my English class. I ... reading a story about Thomas A. Edison. I ... learning that his laboratories are in Orange, New Jersey. I... glad to read about such a man as Th.A. Edison. A young inventor ... in Thomas Edison’s laboratory. He ... looking at an in­vention that ... in a glass case. It ... an electrical invention. The young inventor’s pencil ... in his hand. He ... drawing the part of the invention which he came there to study. An Englishman and his young son ... in Edison’s laboratory. They ... looking at hundreds of

inventions. Many of them ... in glass cases. The man and his son ... interested in all Mr. Edison’s inventions, they ... most interested in the electrical ones. Many of those ... in one room. Several tourists ... in this room, and among them ... the Englishman and his son. The man says to one tourist, «We ... interested in electrical ones».

Упражнение 19. Вставьте предлоги to, with, about, at, for, on, in.

This morning father spoke ... my brother and me ... going to see our aunt this evening. It is our aunt’s birthday. We wanted to sur­prise her family. Our mother was going to go ... us. We had to be ready... seven o’clock. We wanted to be ... our aunt’s house ... seven thirty. We left... my aunt’s house... seven... our mother and father. But the aunt was not... home. Her children had taken her and the uncle... the theater. We laughed: we had a surprise party, but it was on us. We left the presents and went... a show ourselves.

We went... Kuskovo yesterday. I went... my mother and father. We took our lunch ... us. We reached Kuskovo ... noon. Father went ... a parking station, but it was full. He went to another and then ... another. Every parking station was crowded. Father drove for a while.... one o’clock he found a place ... a car.... two o’clock our friends came, we sat down... grass and ate our lunch. We didn’t see much because too many people were there ... Kuskovo. Next time we have a day to spend we shall go ... some other place.

Упражнение 20. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

becoming, set up, keep, understand, spoken, showing, built, left, light.

Упражнение 21. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.

Before Faraday’s inventions in the field of electricity and mag­netism the only source of electricity that was used was the galvanic battery. It made possible some practical applications: the electric light and electric telegraph. The practical use of electricity on a larger scale became possible after developing electromagnetic ma­chines, generators and transformers. It is considered that the devel­opment of the induction motor has become the most important technical achievement. At first, the induction motor had a constant and unchangeable speed (скорость). Some years later a motor with two speeds was designed. Since its invention the induction motor has been considerably improved and its power increased. But the principle of operation still remains the same.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is electricity? (a source of electric power used in every day life and industry) 2. What are the sources of electricity? (bat­teries, generators, electric motors and many other devices) 3. What properties of electricity have made it widely used? (electrostatics and electromagnetism) 4. What are the advantages of electricity? (clearness, easy regulation, no byproducts, low cost, improved service) 5. What are home uses of electricity? (lighting, heating, various time and labour saving appliances, radio, television, video and many others) 6. What are the latest industrial applications of electricity? (lasers and electronic devices)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. Electricity