2 . Ознакомиться со словами к тексту SYSTEM AND CLASSIFICATI O NS OF LAW

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1. a ) Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим отраслям права.

б) Подберите английские эквиваленты к следующим отраслям права.

в) Соотнесите русские эквиваленты из левой колонки с английскими словосочетаниями из правой.

2 . Ознакомиться со словами к тексту SYSTEM AND CLASSIFICATI O NS OF LAW

1.

In order to – для того, чтобы

Substantive law – материальное право

Procedural law – процессуальное право

2.

Public law –публичное право

Private law – частное право

Individual – частное лицо

3.

Private citizens – частные лица

4.

Decision-making - принятие решений

Administrative units of government – административное подразделение власти

Boards – департамент, министерство

Taxation – налогообложение

International trade – международная торговля

5.

penal law = criminal law

to prohibit illegal conduct– запрещать противоправное поведение

to impose punishment – наложить наказание

to break law – нарушить закон

offence against public – преступление против общества

victim–жертва

6.

Contract law – договорное право

Tort law – деликтное право

employment law – трудовое право

land law – земельное право

7.

Legally binding agreement – юридически обязывающий договор, договор, имеющий обязательную силу

Party to a contract – участник, сторона договора

8.

Tort law – деликтное право, обязательственное

Civil wrong – гражданское правонарушение

to result in – привести к

harm – вред, ущерб

comprise – включать, охватывать

road accidents – ДТП

defamation – клевета

product liability – ответственность производителя за качество товара

defective consumer products – некачественные потребительские товары

copyright infringement – нарушение авторских прав

environmental pollution – загрязнение окружающей среды

9.

marriage and divorce – брак и развод

adoption – усыновление

custody of children – попечение над детьми

child abuse – жестокое обращение с ребенком

alimony – алименты

10.

employment law = labor law – трудовое право

trade union – профсоюз

11.

land law – земельное право

12.

To decide lawsuits – разрешать судебный спор

to conduct a trial – вести судебный процесс

to file an appeal – подать апелляцию

to enforce a judgment – принудительно осуществлять судебное решение

to enter into a contract – заключить договор

to bring into court – привлечь к суду, инициировать дело

to breach a contract – нарушить договор

a breaching party – сторона, нарушившая договор

enforceable agreement – принудительное соглашение

to be entitled to damages – иметь право на компенсацию ущерба

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст SYSTEM AND CLASSIFICATI O NS OF LAW

Active Vocabulary

Public law – публичное право

Private law – частное право

Substantial law – материальное право

Procedural law – процессуальное право

Administrative unit – административная единица

To impose punishment – назначить наказание

An offence against the public – преступление против общества

Parties to a contract – стороны договора

Binding agreement – соглашение, имеющее обязательную силу

Tort law – деликтное право

Defamation – клевета; syn: slander, libel

Product liability – ответственность производителя за качество товара

Employment law/Labour law – трудовое право

Trade union - профсоюз

To file an appeal – подавать апелляцию

To breach a contract – нарушить договор

To be entitled to damages – иметь право на возмещение ущерба

Enforceable agreement – соглашение, имеющее исковую силу (может быть принудительно осуществлено в судебном порядке)

Every country has its own historically developing system of norms, legal institutions and branches of law, which regulates different types of social relations. In order to understand different aspects of a system of law it is necessary to look at various classifications of law, as branches of law are traditionally considered to be the most important elements of this system. Numerous classifications that vary from country to country usually reflect the peculiarities of different systems of law. Nevertheless there are the most common divisions singled out by contemporary jurists. Thus law is frequently classified into public and private and substantive and procedural.

The distinction is often made between public and private law. Public law governs the relationship between the state and the individual, who is either a company or a citizen. Public law covers three subdivisions: Constitutional, Administrative and Criminal law.

Constitutional law deals with the structure of the government and the relations between private citizens and the government.

Administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government (for example, tribunals, boards or commissions) in such areas as police law, international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, immigration and transport.

Criminal law, or penal law, is the body of law that relates to crime, i.e. illegal conduct that is prohibited by the state and sets out the punishment to be imposed on those who break these laws. A crime is considered to be an offence against the public, although the actual victim may be an individual.

Private law is also known as civil law. It involves relationships between individuals, or private relationships between citizens and companies. The main branches of private law are contract, tort, family, employment and land law.

Contract law deals with legally binding agreements between people or companies that are called parties to a contract.

Tort law deals with civil wrongs which result in physical, emotional or financial harm to a person or property. Tort cases comprise road accidents, defamation , product liability (for defective consumer products), copyright infringement, environmental pollution (toxic torts), etc.
Family law is an area of the law that deals with family-related issues such as marriage and divorce, adoption, custody of children, child abuse and alimony.

Employment law is the law relating to the employment of workers, their contracts, conditions of work, trade unions and legal aspects of industrial relations. Employment law is also called labour law.

Land law is the law which deals with rights and interests related to owning and using land. Land is the most important form of property, so the name land law is often used for the law of property.

The next classification which is widely used is subdivision of law into substantive and procedural. There are many laws and legal rules found in statutes, cases decided by courts (legal precedents) and other sources that are applied by courts in order to decide lawsuits. These rules and principles of law are classified as substantive law. On the other hand, the legal procedures that provide how lawsuit is begun, how the trial is conducted, how appeals are filed, and how a judgment is enforced are called procedural law. In other words, substantive law is the part of the law that defines rights, and procedural law establishes the procedures which enforce and protect these rights. For example, two parties entered into a contract, but then one of the parties breached this contract. The rules of bringing the breaching party into court and the conduct of the trial are rather mechanical and constitute procedural law. Whether the agreement was enforceable and whether the other party is entitled to damages are matters of substance and will be determined on the basis of the substantive law of contract.

4. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям из текста.

1. reflect the peculiarities of different systems of law
2. common division
3. subdivision of public law
4. contemporary jurists
5. legally binding agreement
6. product liability
7. copyright infringement
8. child abuse
9. custody of children
10. to enforce judgment
11. to enter into a contract
12. breaching party

5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты. Вспомните, в каких предложениях эти слова и выражения употреблялись в тексте.

1. международная торговля
2. налогообложение
3. запрещать противоправное поведение
4. нарушить закон
5. стороны договора
6. алименты
7. трудовое право
8. условия труда
9. форма собственности
10. источники права
11. решать судебные споры
12. вести судебный процесс
13. подавать апелляцию
14. обеспечивать соблюдение прав
15. иметь право на возмещение ущерба

6. Назовите отрасли права, которым соответствуют следующие определения.

1. An area of law which concerns disputes between citizens within one country.
2. A branch of law which regulates relations between private citizens and the government, describes the structure of the government and rights and duties of the citizens.
3. An area of law which describes legal rights, obligations, rules and precedents used by courts in order to give judgement.
4. An area of law which concerns disputes between private citizens and the state.
5. A branch of law which deals with functions and powers of governmental organisations, their relations with one another and the citizens.
6. An area of law which determines how the case must be presented, in which court it shall be heard and when it must be tried.
7. A branch of law which deals with civil wrongs committed by one individual against another person, his property or reputation.

7. Заполните пропуски словами из рамки и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Family law relates to family matters and domestic relations. It deals with areas
   such as marriage and _______________ (1), child________________ (2), child/spousal abuse, adoption and alimony.
2. Tort law deals with________________ (3) wrongs, such as negligence, defective products and libel. It deals with liability (i.e. who has committed the wrong) and the _________________ (4) that are paid to the person or people who have suffered as a result.
3. Criminal law is a branch of law also known as________________ (5) law; this branch is distinguished from civil law. It relates to _____________ (6) acts committed against individuals and punishable by the state.
4. This branch of law is distinguished from________________ (7) law. It refers to the area of law that deals with relations between private individuals (for example wills, contractual disputes and torts such as negligence and libel).
5. Labour law is the area of law which relates to the ________________ (8) of workers. It encompasses issues such as contracts, conditions of work, trade________________ (9), discrimination, redundancy and wrongful dismissal.
6. Criminal procedure is the area of law which regulates the way in which legal proceedings are conducted in _____________ (10) cases. It deals with issues such as police powers (interrogation of suspects, decision to prosecute, etc), confessions, criminal rights, criminal ______________ (11), the functions of judges and jury, witnesses, verdicts and appeals.

1. Ознакомиться со словами к тексту BRANCHES OF RUSSIAN LAW

1.

Property relations – имущественные отношения

possession – владение

disposal – передача, распоряжение

purchase – покупка

leasing – сдача в аренду

succession – наследование

dignity – чувство достоинства

authorship – авторство

legal entities – юридическое лицо

goods – товары

shipment – транспортировка товаров

insurance – страхование

equality of parties –равенство сторон

succession law – наследственное право

copyright aw – закон об авторском праве

invention law – изобретательское право

2.

public officers – чиновники

law and order – правопорядок

authority – власть

3.

Money circulation – денежное обращение

loans – кредиты

taxes – налоги

natural person – физическое лицо

4.

Crime commission – совершение преступлений

Imposition of punishment – наложение наказания

Elements of corpus delicti – элементы состава преступления

Degree of guilt – степень вины

The grounds for – основания

Exemption from (responsibility) - освобождение от ответственности

5.

Preliminary investigation – предварительное расследование

informal inquest – дознание

participants of the trial – участники процесса

defendant – подсудимый

victim – потерпевший

witness – свидетель

6.

set – набор

civillitigation – гражданскийпроцесс

tosetoutrules – устанавливатьправила

tofollowstandards – руководствоватьсястандартами

toadjudicatelawsuits - выноситьрешениеподелу

motion – ходатайство

application – письменноезаявление

conductoftrial – порядокведенияпроцесса

judgment –судебноерешение

availableremedies – доступныесредствазащиты

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст BRANCHES OF RUSSIAN LAW

Active Vocabulary

Possession and disposal of property – владение и распоряжение собственностью

Legal entity – юридическое лицо

Shipment of goods – перевозка, поставка товара

Insurance of goods – страхование товара

Succession law- наследственное право

Natural person – физическое лицо

Elements of corpus delicti – элементы состава преступления

Exemption from criminal responsibility – освобождение от уголовной ответственности

Informal inquest – дознание

Adjudicate lawsuits – вынести судебное решение по делу

Motion – ходатайство

Available remedies – доступные средства правовой защиты

There are different branches in the system of Russian law.

1. _______________________________

This is the major branch in the system of Russian law which deals with property and non-property relations. Property relations include possession and disposal of property, purchase and sale of property, its leasing and succession. Non-property relations include name, honour, dignity, authorship, etc. The norms of this branch of law also regulate relations between legal entities, arising from sales of goods, their shipment and insurance. Equality of the parties is the basic principle of this law. The relations built on the principle of subordination are usually regulated by different branches of law, for example administrative or financial law. Being very large and complex, this branch of law has numerous subdivisions such as succession law, copyright law, patent law, housing law, invention law, etc.

2. _________________________________

This law governs the activity of different administrative agencies, such as state executive bodies or public organisations and the work of public officers including members of government, departments and local councils. This law is applied in the sphere of economics, science, culture, education, health care, defense, law and order, etc. The basic principles of this law are subordination, authority and hierarchy.

3. __________________________________

The subject of this branch of law is financial relations such as forming of the state budget, money circulation, different banking activities, loans and taxes. This law concerns both legal entities and natural persons. The norms of this law are closely connected with the norms of constitutional and administrative law.

4. __________________________________

This branch of law deals with crime commission and imposition of punishment. It defines the elements of corpus delicti, the form and degree of guilt, the grounds for criminal responsibility and exemption from it, types of punishment, etc.

5. ___________________________________

This branch of law regulates the work of courts, prosecutor’s office, organs of preliminary investigation and informal inquest. It also defines rights and duties of participants of the trial including defendants, victims, witnesses, experts, prosecutors and defence counsels.

6. ___________________________________

This branch of law involves a set of procedural norms which regulate public relations arising between court and participants of civil litigation. The rules of procedure in all courts of general jurisdiction are determined by a special code. This code sets out the rules and standards that courts follow when they adjudicate lawsuits. These rules govern how a lawsuit must be started, the types of motions and applications, the conduct of trials, the process for judgment, various available remedies, etc.

3. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям из текста.

1. property relations
2. non-property relations
3. purchase and sale of property
4. leasing
5. shipment of goods
6. patent law
7. housing law
8. invention law
9. public officer
10. health care
11. subordination
12. money circulation
13. natural person
14. crime commission
15. imposition of punishment
16. the grounds for criminal responsibility
17. a set of procedural norms

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

1. владение и распоряжение собственностью
2. честь и достоинство
3. юридическое лицо
4. равенство сторон
5. наследственное право
6. заем
7. налоги
8. элементы состава преступления
9. форма и степень вины
10. освобождение от уголовной ответственности
11. предварительное следствие
12. прокуратура
13. дознание
14. участники процесса
15. подсудимый
16. пострадавший
17. сторона защиты
18. выносить решение по делу
19. ходатайства и заявления
20. средства судебной защиты

5. Закончите предложения согласно содержанию текста.

1. Property relations include __________________________________________________
2. Non-property relations include ______________________________________________
3. The basic principle of Civil Law is ___________________________________________
4. The basic principles of Administrative Law are _________________________________
5. Succession Law, Paten Law, Copyright Law are subdivisions of ____________________
6. Financial Law concerns ____________________________________________________
7. Criminal Law defines ______________________________________________________
8. Criminal Procedure Law regulates ___________________________________________
9. The rules of the Code of Civil Procedure govern ________________________________

6. Согласитесь или опровергните утверждения, используя речевые модели.

Model: a) I fully agree with the statement.

b) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.

с ) I can’t but agree with it.

d) I completely disagree with the statement.

Исправьте неверные утверждения.

1. Civil Law regulates the relations only between natural persons.
2. The basic principle of Administrative Law is equality of the parties.
3. The branch of Administrative Law has several subdivisions.
4. Money circulation, loans and taxation are regulated by the norms of Financial Law.
5. Financial Law deals both with natural persons and legal entities.
6. Criminal law deals only with crime commission and doesn’t define the punishment.
7. Prosecutors and defence counsels are not considered to be participants of the trial.
8. The norms of civil procedure are determined by Civil Code.