'What on earth did you do that for?' he asked.
3. Introductory words (e.g. he said, she cried, they answered) are separated from the
actual words spoken by commas if no other punctuation mark (e.g. question mark,
exclamation mark) is used:
John said, 'That's all I know.' 'That's all I know', said John. 'That', said John, 'is all
I know'.
'Why?'asked John.
4. A comma separates a question tag from the rest of the sentence:
'You knew he'd come, didn't you?'
5. A mild interjection or the direct use of a name is separated from the rest of the sentence
by a comma:
'Oh, so that's what he wanted. (Cf 'Oh no! I don't believe you!') 'Well, Peter, I did my best.' (Ct 'Peter! Look out!')
6. Hesitant or interrupted speech can be indicated by dashes:
'Can I -1 mean, would you mind if I came too?' 'You'll find it in - ' were his dying words.
7. Speech within speech is shown by (GB usage) double quotation marks inside single
marks, or (US usage) single quotation marks within double marks:
'When the judge said, "Not guilty," I could have hugged him.' (GB) "When the judge said, 'Not guilty,' I could have hugged him." (US)
LETTERS
1. A business letter is set out as shown below. The punctuation marks are optional. The address of the person who is writing the letter is in the top right-hand corner; the address of the person to whom the letter is being written is in the top left-hand corner, but below the address of the sender:
3 Willow Street,
Frambleton,
Suffolk.
SF5 9PK.
6th June, 1984.
Mr D. B. Taylor.
MetalworkLtd,
Booth Street,
Ormton,
Lancashire.
LC14 3JQ.
Dear Mr Taylor, Thank you for...
Yours faithfully/sincerely/ (\JS) truly,
[signature]
Mary Burton.
2. In US usage, a colon is substituted for the comma in the salutation, except informally:
Dear Ms Burton: but Dear Mary.
3. In an informal letter, only the address of the sender is necessary, the optional punctuation
is more likely to be omitted, and Yours sincerely, etc. is replaced by a more friendly or
personal phrase, e.g. Yours, Yours affectionately, With best/warm wishes, With love.
QUOTATIONS
1. The quotation is separated from its introduction by a colon and is enclosed by quotation
marks:
It was Disraeli who said: 'Little things affect little minds.'
2. If a word or phrase is omitted from the quotation, this is indicated by a row of three dots
(...):
'The condition of man ... is a condition of war of everyone against everyone.' (Thomas Hobbes) Also £ ^> Conversation above.
LITERATURE
Alexander LG. "Longman English Grammar for intermediate students"/L.ongman, 1992/ 296 p.
English Grammar Through Practice (Morphology)/Moscow, Higher School Publishing House, 1976/208 p.
Krutikov Y.A., Kuzmina I.S., Rabinovich Kh.V. "Exercises in Modern English Grammar"/ Moscow, Higher School Publishing House, 1971/247 p.
Krylova I.P. "An English Grammar Practice Воок''/Moscow, Higher School Publishing House, 1978/235 p.
Lapidus В., Shevtsova S. "A Practical Giude to Better English"/lnternational Relations Institute Publishing House Moscow, 1962/174 p.
Matyushkina-GuerkeT.I., KuzmichyovaT.N., Ivanova L.I. "Practical Grammar in Patterns (For laboratory work)"/Moscow, Higher School Publishing House, 1974/192 p.
Murphy R. "English Grammar In Use (A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students)"/Cambridge University Press, 1992/328 p.
Natanson E.A. "Practical English Grammar by Correspondence"/Moscow, Higher School Publishing House, 1973/304 p.
Волкова Е.И. "Английский артикль в речевых ситуациях"/М., "Просвещение", 1974/ 158 с.
Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П. "Употребление артиклей в английском языке"/М., "Международные отношения", 1964/82 с.
Дроздова Т.Ю., Зайцева И.К. и др. "Лабораторные работы по грамматике английского языка для студентов 1 курса"/Л., 1989/62 с.
Дроздова Т.Ю., Степанова Н.В. и др. "Учебные задания по обучению лексико-грамматическим структурам английского языка"/Л., 1989/50 с.
Каушанская В.Л., Ковнер Р.Л. "Грамматика английского языка (на английском языке)"/Л., "Просвещение", 1973/319 с.
Каушанская В.Л., Ковнер Р.Л. и др. "Сборникупражнений по грамматике английского языка"/Л., "Просвещение", 1968/200 с.
Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. "Практическая грамматика английского языка"/М., Внешторгиздат, 1959/720 с.
Лебедева А.Я. "Времена английского глагола (сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка)"/Л., "Просвещение", 1979/79 с.
Мальчевская Т.Н. "Сборник упражений по переводу гуманитарных текстов с английского языка на русский'УПрактическое пособие/Издательство «Наука» Ленинградское отделение Ленинград , 1970/213 с.
Натанзон Е.А. "Косвенные наклонения и модальные глаголы в английском языке"/ М., "Международные отношения", 1968/160 с.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
s содержит 15 тематических разделов, состояших из обших сведений по теме и особых случаев употребления
s построена по принципу сопоставления моделей родного и изучаемого языков
s таблицы, схемы и модели
систематизируют материал разделов
s упражнения построены по принципу нарастания языковых трудностей
отдельными книгами изданы:
- «THE KEYS»
(ответы-ключи к упражнениям)
- «TEST FILE»
(тесты для проверки усвоения материала)
ISBN 5-94962 075 5 ИЗЛОТвЛЬСТВО «АНТОЛОГИЯ»
| 9785949620755 |
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