The Pennine Hills, which have been a favourite with hikers for many years, are situated between Lancashire and Yorkshire.

Queen Elizabeth II, a very popular monarch, celebrated her Silver Jubilee in 1977. (Note. No commas are used around a relative clause that defines the noun it follows: The hills that separate Lancashire from Yorkshire are called the Pennines.)

7. Sometimes used to separate main clauses linked by a conjunction (e.g. and, as. but.
for, or
), especially when the first clause is long:

We had been looking forward to meeting Sarah's husband, but discovered that he was not as pleasant as we had hoped. Also e^> Conversation and Letters below.

: COLON

1. (Formal) Used after a main clause where the following statement illustrates or explains
the content of that clause. It may be replaced by a semicolon or a full stop:

The garden had been neglected for a long time: it was overgrown and full of weeds.

2. Used before a long list, and often introduced by phrases such as: such as: for example:
for instance: in the following examples: as follows:

Your first aid kit should include the following items: cotton wool, lint, antiseptic lotion, sticking plaster, bandages and safety pins. Also c> Letters and Quotations below.

; SEMICOLON

1. (Formal) Used to separate main clauses, not (usually) joined by a conjunction, which
are considered so closely connected as to belong to one sentence:

The sun was setting now; the shadows were long.

He had never been to Russia before; however, it had always been one of his life­ long ambitions.

2. Used instead of a comma to separate from each other parts of a sentence that are
already separated by commas:

There are two facts to consider: first, the weather; second, the expence.

-DASH

1. (Colloq.) Used instead of a colon or a semicolon to make the writing more vivid or
dramatic:

Sirens blared, men shouted, and people crowded in to witness the scene - it was

chaos.

So you've been lying to me for years and years - how can I ever trust you again?

2. (Colloq.) Used singly or in pairs to separate extra information, an afterthought or a
comment, in a vivid or dramatic way, from the rest of the sentence:

Schooldays are the happiest days of our lives - or so we are told.