These machines cause trouble not infrequently.
EXERCISES______________________________________________________________
Ex. 2. ( А , В , С ) Translate the sentences into Russian.
1 The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable. 2. Their contribution to the common cause was not insignificant. 3. This second novel was savagely, but not unfairly criticized. 4.1 would say, his reaction was not unreasonable. 5.It is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence. 6. Storms and hurricanes are not infrequent in these parts of the world. 7. I'm afraid that was done not irregularly. 8. This last
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work of his is not uninteresting and will not be unsuccessful. 9. Our life there was not univentful. 10. He looked down at her not in an unfriendly way.
4.3 THE EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTION "IT IS ... THAT, WHICH, WHO# WHOM"
This construction is a grammatical means to emphasize some part of a sentence. The emphasized part is placed between it and that, and the whole sentence is a complex one. Russian sentences corresponding in meaning to such constructions, are usually simple, with emphatic words before the emphasized part of the sentence. Sometimes, in Russian sentences these emphasized parts are placed at the end.
E.g.: It is always the unusual which alarms. - Тревогу вызывает всегда необычное.
It was he who had started the discussion. - Именно он открыл дискуссию.
NOTE: most frequently used Russian emphatic words are: именно , как раз , только , лишь . In the negative sentences they are: вовсе не ; совсем не : But it is not the Detective Inspector who is the central figure in the film.
EXERCISES
Ex.3. (A, B) Translate the sentences into Russian.
1 .It was in his dealings with children that the best and sweetest side of his personality was manifested. 2. It was not without a certain wild pleasure that I ran before the wind. 3. It was on the beach, close down by the sea, that I found them. 4. And it was my dearest friend who first started me on that course. 5. It is no doubt to this quality that the great popularity of this collection is due. 6. It was then that the hunger, the excitement of her escape, and the scintillation of the overhead lights caused Toni to suddenly feel as giddy as a falling moth. 7. Once past the theatre, they wandered on to the library, a handsome, seriousrlooking room, and it was just past it that Liane discovered the winter garden, and she gasped as they stepped inside. 8.It was the first time in the whole year that he had lost balance. 9. It was of Walter that they now spoke. 10. It was while looking at the spot where the fine porcelain vase had stood that she felt a sttrange certainty of being watched, and turning saw a stranger in the open door way. 11. It was their identification of Ms Balantine with a certain school of American writers that made her subject to a powerful line of attack on the part of literary critics. 12. It is not from outside, however, but from within, that American English has made the greatest additions to its special words and their uses. 13. It is not only women who go to pawnbrokers, you know. 14. It isn't everyone who has mink, my dear. 15. It is when men begin to use tools for social production that they also begin to speak. 16. It was only with the help of my friends that I managed to survive that tragedy.
Ex. 4. (В, С) Translate the sentences into English.
1 .Это сказал именно Джон. 2. Только после войны здесь появились каменные дома. 3. Именно она остановила машину. 4. Не только я один виноват. 5. Лишь на следующее утро она заметила исчезновение фотографии. 6. Они пришли из леса вовсе не этой дорогой. 7. Именно тогда он вспомнил о старом архитекторе. 8. Только после того, как вы научитесь плавать, я позволю вам принять участие в лодочном походе. 9. Вовсе не этот художник нарисовал папин пруд. 10. Они пришли как раз перед тем, как начался спектакль.
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4.4 THE EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTION "IT IS NOT UNTIL ... THAT"
When an adverbial modifier of time is emphasized by means of this construction, it is rendered in Russian by a simple affirmative sentence with emphasizing words. E.g.: It was not until noon that we were able to resume our work. - Только в полдень мы смогли возобновить работу.
When an adverbial clause of time is emphasized, it is rendered in Russian by a complex sentence. E.g.: It was not until they reached their house that he remembered about the letter. -Только ( тогда ,) когда они подошли к своему дому, он вспомнил про письмо.
EXERCISES_____________________________________________________________
Ex. 5. ( В , С ) Translate the sentences into Russian.
1 .Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character. 2. It was not until 1846, when "Vanity Fair" began to appear, that Thackeray attained any eminence. 3. It was not until the end of the seventeenth century that France began to produce an art that, instead of echoing the faded glamour of Italy, reflected the lively if equally artificial life of Versailles. 4. It was not till impressionism turned its attention to the nature of light and especially to the colour of shadow that painters evolved a new way of seeing. 5. It was not until seven years had passed since the manuscripts had come into this scientist's hands that they published them with the introductipn translated into English. 6. It was not till a century and a half had passed after Claudian conquest that the Emperor Severus marked the final limit of the northern frontier between Scotland and England by renovating the wall that Hadrian had erected.
ffrom Т . Н . Мальчевская . Практическое пособие )
Ex. 6. (В, С) Translate the sentences into English.
1. Самолет отправился только на следующий день. 2.Только тогда, когда он увидел их снова, он понял свою ошибку. 3. Только глубокой ночью стали известны результаты матча. 4. Мы получили от него первые вести только ранней весной. 5. Они узнали, что поезд отменен только тогда, когда приехали на вокзал. 6. Снег растаял лишь в конце апреля. 7. Она сообщила им о своем решении уехать, лишь когда уже приехала на новое место жительства. 8. Только тогда, когда была опубликована его книга, он смог оставить работу в больнице. 9. Только тогда, когда он увидел это письмо, он поверил, что все позади. 10. Это можно понять, лишь когда сам сделаешь это.
4.5 THE EMPHATIC " NOT ... TILL/UNTIL"
This negative construction is rendered in Russian by means of an affirmative sentence with
the emphatic words before the adverbial modifier of time.
E.g.: They did not come back till late at night. - Они вернулись только поздно ночью.
Note: not till/until after = только после
E.g.: They did not meet again until after the war. - Они встретились снова только
после войны.
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EXERCISES
Ex. 7. (A, B) Translate the sentences into Russian.
1 The first part of his novel did not come out until after his return from the trip. 2. Cotton was not introduced to Japan from China until later and wool was unknown. 3. The last novel by Ch. Bronte remained unfinished and was not published until the end of the 20th century when it was completed by another authoress. 4. In England ancient fields indicate that no plough was used till late in the local bronze age, about 800 В. С, and then at first only in the south. 5. Silver and lead were not used in Britain till after 500, though Britain is well supplied with lead ores.6. "Utopia" was written in Latin about 1516, and it was not translated till 1551, some years after More's death.
Ex. 8. (В, С) Translate the sentences into English.
1. Он начал писать стихи только после окончания университета. 2.Он позвонил только в 8 часов. 3. Они уехали только в полночь. 4. Спектакль начался только в 11 часов. 5.Я смог уйти только после ланча. 6. Мы сможем встретиться только после представления. 7.Я начну этот перевод только после отпуска. 8. Мы заснули только на рассвете. 9. Они вернутся только осенью. 10. Они поженились только после рождения их второго ребенка.
5. ADDITIONAL EXCERCISES. MISCELLANEOUS
Ex. 1. (А, В, С) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
I Present Simple, Present Perfect and Past Simple
The art of printing (be) known in Europe for several centuries. It (give) untold benefits to the human race, it (enlarge) the boundaries of knowledge and (do) away with much ignorance and superstition, and (lead) to the discovery of many of the most important laws of nature. Almost every adult now can read and write, and education (become) so general that even children now know facts which (be) hidden from the wisest of our ancestors. Printing (be) originally invented by the Chinese, but they (make) no progress in the art, so that China (derive) less benefit from her discovery than Europe, where it (be) made much later. Before the invention of this art writing (be) very laborious, and books (be) consequently so rare that to possess a hundred books (be) the privilege of the very rich. Since the discovery of steam, the art of printing not (stand) still, but (make) enormous strides, so that what once (take) weeks to print can now be produced in a few hours. Recently the linotype (линотип)machine (be) invented by which type can be set up as quickly as the words can be written down.
II Past Simple and Past Perfect
THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW
In 1812 Napoleon (determine) to advance on Moscow. For many years before that he (be) at war with different nations. He (win) and (lose) many important battles. His fleet (be) destroyed at Trafalgar, but he (win) brilliant victories at Austerlitz, Jena and other places, and he (dethrone) kings and (place) his marshals and his relatives in their places. Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, all (fall) under his power, but Russia he not (attack) as yet. He therefore (advance) confidently
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through Russia, where he (find) little opposition, and (make) his way towards Moscow. When at last he (reach) the town he (see) it in flames. In a short time all (be) destroyed, and his army (find) no means of subsistence. The winter (come) on and he (have) no course but to retreat. His army (suffer) terribly on the way. His men and horses (die) in thousands in the snow, and (lie) where they (fall). Of all that splendid army which he (lead) to Moscow, only a few (live) to reach Paris.
Ill Present Simple, Present Perfect, Past Simple and Past Perfect Once there (rule) a powerful king over the island of Samos. He (be) rich and prosperous, and at last his prosperity (rise) to such a heigbt that he (begin) to be afraid that the gods (can) be jealous of his happiness. Accordingly he (send) messengers to consult an oracle in another country, telling them to bring the answer as soon as they (obtain) it. When they (reach) the oracle they (receive) the answer: "(Tell) the king that if he (wish) to escape the anger of the gods, he must throw into the sea that which he (hold) to be the dearest of all his possessions." The messengers (return) and (tell) the king what the oracle (say). The king therefore (take) a boat and (go) out to sea, and (throw) away a ring which he (value) greatly because his dead wife (give) it to him, saying to himself: "Surely the gods (accept) this great sacrifice and (spare) me." He (go) to bed that night thinking over what he (do) that day and wondering whether the gods (keep) him safe from harm. When he (rise) in the morning after he (have) little sleep he (sit) down to breakfast eagerly, for he (fast -поститься) for many hours. Imagine his surprise when he (open) a fish that (be prepared) for him and (see) the ring he (throw) away the day before! A fisherman (catch) the fish that morning and (bring) it to the palace, not knowing what (be) inside it. The king then (understand) that the gods (refuse) his sacrifice. He soon (begin) to lose his power, and not many months (pass) before he (lose) all his possessions and (die) in misery. This story is a warning to us not to flatter ourselves that our happiness (be) enduring, unless we (depend) more upon ourselves than upon what we (have).
Ex. 2. Supply articles where necessary.
" (B, C)
AUTHOR'S NOTES
1.___ Voices of Summer was originally written as____ serial - under____ title Operetta -
for___ magazine, but____ disciplines of___ serial are confining: everything has to be as
brief as possible and one cannot introduce too many characters. 2.1 always regretted___
loss and __ development of those extra characters that I'd had in my mind and couldn't
include. 3. ___ idea for____ Voices of Summer sprang from my very first visit to________
Vienna. 4.1 was only passing through on my way to research__ book in Hungary, but___
city so bewitched (околдовал) me that I stayed_____ extra day and have returned many
times since. 5. It is difficult to explain____ importance of___ opera,___ operetta, and____
music in___ life of___ average Viennese citizen. 6.____ opera singers occupy____ same
national status as___ football stars in___ West, and___ Viennese taxi drivers will discuss
__ politics of____ State Opera House in____ same way that we chat of_____ politicians,
__ Royals, and___ latest television stars. 7.____ Opera House is undoubtedly___ centre
of___ Viennese life and is - emotionally -______ sort of____ combination of____ National
Theatre,___ Buckingham Palace,____ Wembley Stadium, and___ Houses of Parliament.
8. So against that background I set my story, although mine is not____ tale of___ glory at
__ Staatsoper, for while in Austria I saw______ very tiny company performing_____ Lehar
operetta and___ tenor,___ tall, handsome man who was obviously immensely popular with
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__ audience, made____ great impression on me. 9. When_____ curtain came down____
abundance (изобилие) of___ flowers and____ gift-wrapped packages went up on_____
stage for him, not for___ leading lady who stood in___ line-up behind with___ brave smile
on her face, trying to look as though she didn't mind. 10. And at that moment___ Operetta
was born. 11.1 should add that, although____ idea for my novel came from watching____
real performance, every single character and situation in this book is totally imaginary. 12. All
__ names have been invented by me, other than those of____ real people such as Callas
or Domingo. 13. If, inadvertently (неумышленно), I have stumbled on____ real name, it is
entirely accidental.
H(C)
MIRAGE
(Oxford Junior Encyclopaedia)
1.There are many stories of_____ travellers who, tortured by______ thirst in ____ desert,
have been overjoyed to see in___ distance___ beautiful lake - only to find, as they drew
nearer, that it vanished -____ mirage. 2. Nearer home, most of us have seen in_____ very
hot weather___ appearance of pools of____ water lying across____ road which we know
well must be dry. 3. This, too, is____ mirage. 4. The cause of these queer illusions is____
process known as___ "refraction". 5. When____ rays of___ light pass from one medium
(среда) to another of____ different density, as from_____ air to____ water or to____ glass,
they are "refracted" or bent. 6. Thus____ straight stick appears bent if it is half in and half
out of___ water; or, as we all know,____ objects appear very distorted if we look at them
through___ glass of____ water. 7. ____ refraction also occurs if______ rays of____ light
pass through___ regions of____ different density in____ same medium. 8. Now_____ air
near___ ground in___ desert like____ Sahara gets very hot, because____ sand beneath
it has reflected___ heat from____ sun. 9. When___ air is heated it expands - that is, its
density gets less. 10.____ rays of____ light from____ sky, then, are bent as they enter
this layer (слой) of____ hot thin air, and____ traveller sees on____ face of____ desert (or
we on___ surface of____ road)____ brightness which looks like_____ pool of____ water
but is really___ brightness of____ sun. 11. As____ layer of____ hot air is seldom still,____
image also shimmers (мерцает) in _____ heat, causing____ movement which is easily
mistaken for____ ripples of____ water. 12. But_____ layers of____ air at_____ different
density can play even stranger tricks than this. 13. Sometimes, especially in______ polar
regions, it happens that____ air immediately above____ surface of____ sea is very much
colder (and so denser) than____ air above. 14. In such circumstances_____ sailors may
see___ image of____ object which is really well below______ horizon and so out of_____
normal sight. 15. Stranger still,____ effect of____ layer of____ warm air above may be to
twist___ rays of____ light before they reach_____ observer, in which case he will see
__ image of____ ship or____ iceberg upside-down in____ sky - at_____ same time as or
even before he can see___ object itself. 16. It is not uncommon for______ whalers to get
their first sight of____ neighbouring ship in this way. 17. This reversal of_____ image also
happens at times in____ desert, and no doubt,_____ seasoned (опытный) traveller who
sees___ palm-trees standing on their heads in_____ oasis does not allow his hopes rise
too high. 18. On____ other occasions____ air plays____ part of____ gigantic telescope,
and magnifies___ distant objects, as well as bringing them up over______ horizon. 19. In
this way___ coast of France has been seen in____ great detail from____ town in England
lying over 50 miles away.
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Ex. 3. (В, С) Put the verb in brackets into the proper ing-form.
1 .Here is a little story of a man who, (lose) one job got another by'(show) that a rope may have three ends. 2. After (try) several places the man got tired of (walk) and sat down to rest for a while. 3. The day (be) hot, we must not be surprised at the man (be) tired and (sit) down to rest under a tree. 4. As he was sitting he thought of (take) further steps. 5. He remembered (work) on a ship for some years. 6. So he came to the owner of a ship and asked him if there was any possibility of (get) a job. 7. The question (be) not very unusual, the owner was not surprised at (hear) it. 8. But he thought for a while before (give) his answer. 9. After (examine) the man from head to foot the owner said, "You see, I'm looking for a man with brains. If you can find three ends to that rope, I'll give you the job." 10. (Say) those words, the owner picked up a piece of rope (lie) at his feet and handed it to the man.