A subordinate clause introduced by till/until indicates the с о n с I u d i n g m о m e n t of the action of the main clause: So we went on till we came to another hotel. (..., пока не пришли...)
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NOTE: when the main clause is negative, the meaning of until/till is very close to that of before, and it's practically impossible to differentiate them in such cases: We didn't start the discussion until the teacher returned; We didn't start the discussion before the teacher returned.
EXERCISES____________________________________________________ ^_^_
Ex. 13. (A, B) Fill in the blanks with till/until or before.
1. He recalled the occurrence________ he fell asleep. 2. Don't take any steps_________
you learn what is in this letter. 3. They remained in the garden_______ they got quite cold.
4. A quarter of an hour passed________ the lessons began. 5. He slept through the early
grey of morning________ the direct rays of the sun smote his closed eyelids. 6.1 waited
_______ the next train came. 7. Meg strained her eyes upon her work__________ it was
too dark to see the threads. 8. She listened patiently________ he had finished his lecture.
9. He worked slowly, first writing the message, then rewording it_______ he was satisfied.
10. He waited________ the girl had gone, then he walked over to the closet where his
street clothes were. 11.________ we start our experiment, I want you to read these notes.
12. He was sure that she wouldn't say anything________ the children left for school. 13.
Don't trouble trouble________ the trouble troubles you.
Ex. 14. (В, С) Make one complex sentence out of the two simple ones given, using the conjunctions from the box. Omit some words when necessary.
because, for, until, since, as, before
E.g.: The lane came to an end. We had to retrace our steps. - As the lane came to an end, we had to retrace our steps.
1. We started on our way. Just then it began snowing. 2. He walked with care. He did not wish to fall. 3. The spring is now well advanced. We shall soon hear the cuckoo's voice again. 4. The game was stopped. A heavy rain storm broke out. 5. She went to Italy in April. I haven't received a single letter from her. 6. The champion grew weaker. His opponent's attacks became more and more violent. 7. I decided to stop and have lunch first. I was feeling rather hungry. 8. Don't send this telegram now. I want Father to read it first. 9.1 made the decision. Then that phone call came. 10. Don't go there at once. Let them ring you up first.
Ex. 15. (В, С) Translate the sentences into English.
1. Прежде чем вы начнете спорить, вспомните вчерашнее заседание. 2. Пока не придет инженер, мы не будем включать аппарат. 3. Так как вы не можете прийти к соглашению, нам придется отложить подписание контракта. 4. По мере того, как они поднимались все выше, воздух становился холоднее. 5. Как раз когда они вошли под арку, сзади послышался шум автомобиля. 6. Давайте сделаем это до того, как они придут. 7. Она не пришла, потому что не хотела встречаться с ними. 8. Он не стал возражать, ибо он вообще не любитель спорить. 9. Оставайтесь здесь, пока не придут ваши родители. 10. Они живут в этом доме с тех пор, как их брат уехал в Лондон.
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3. REVISION EXERCISES
Ex. 16. (В, С) Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.
till, in, into, as, like, by, on, with, at, once, after, because
Even Higgs, I thought, won't be able to find me here.
I sat down (1)________ the edge of the lake and pulling off my shoes and socks put my feet
(2)________ the water. It was cold (3)_________ ice. (4)_________ a moment I bent over
and splashed some of the water on my hot face. I could see the faint outline of my reflection,
staring at me (5)________ a stranger.
I realised suddenly how tired I was of running away. First the night flight (6)________ the
small stuffy plane, then the long tiring journey (7)________ the packed train, the bus, the
talkative lorry-driver from whom I had hitched a lift and then the eight mile walk across
unfamiliar country (8)________ I reached the lake. There was a tiny cottage (9)________
the far side of the lake (10)_______ a plume of smoke coming from the chimney. I still had
a little money. Perhaps they would give me a bed and some food.
(11)________ I watched, a man came out of the cottage and down to a little boat that lay
bobbing (12)________ the lakeside. He got (13)_________ it and began to row unhurridly
towards my side. I could not see his face at first (14)________ the boat was (15)________
shadow. He continued steadily across the lake and, when he was about halfway across, he
rested his oars and the boat drifted (16)________ a patch of sunlight. He lifted his hand in
a friendly gesture of greeting. I was about to raise mine (17)_______ reply when, all at (18)
_______ , I saw his face clearly. It was Higgs!
Ex. 17. (В, С) Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box.
because, in, like.that, what, till, after, before, besides, with, as, among, by
FROM "PYGMALION" (after B. Show/
HIGGINS: In six months I shall make a duchess of this flower girl. We'll start today. Mrs
Pearce, is there a good fjre (1)________ the kitchen? She's so deliciously low - so horribly
dirty - Take all her clothes off and burn them. Ring up Whitley for new ones. Wrap her up (2)
_______ brown paper (3)_________ they come.
LIZA: I ain't dirty. I washed me face and hands (4)________ I came here.
MRS PEARCE: You must be reasonable, Mr Higgins. You can't walk over everybody (5)
_______ that.
HIGGINS: I never had the slightest intention to walk over anyone. All I propose is (6)____
we should be kind to this poor girl. We must help her to prepare and fit herself for her new
station (7)________ life. If I did not express myself clearly, it was (8)__________ I did not
wish to hurt her delicacy. What's the matter?
MRS PEARCE: The matter is, sir, (9)_______ you can't take the girl up (10)________ that
as if you were picking up a pebble on the beach. (11)_________ about her parents? She
may be married.
HIGGINS: Married indeed! Don't you know (12)_______ a woman of that class looks a worn
out drudge (работяга) of fifty a year (13)_________ she's married?
LIZA: Who'd marry me?
HIGGINS: By George, Eliza, the streets will be strewn (14)_______ bodies of men shooting
themselves for your sake (15)________ I've done (16)_________ you.
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PICKERING: Excuse me, Higgins. If the girl is to put herself (17)______ your hands for six
months for an experiment in teaching, she must understand thoroughly (18)______ she is
doing.
HIGGINS: How can she? She is incapable of understanding anything. (19)_____ , do any
of us understand (20)_________ we are doing? If we did, would we ever do it? No use
explaining. (21)_________ a military man you ought to know that. Give her her orders;
(22)________ is (23)_________ she wants. Eliza: you are to live here for the next six
months, learning how to speak beautifully, (24)________ a lady (25)_________ a florist's
shop. If you're good, you shall sleep (26)________ a proper bedroom and have lots to eat.
If you're naughty and idle, you will sleep (27)_______ the back kitchen (28)________ the
black beetles, and be walloped (дубасить) (29)__________ Mrs Pearce (30)_________ a
broomstick. At the end of six months you shall go to Buckingham Palace (31)________ a
carriage. If the King finds out you're not a lady, you will be taken (32)_______ police to the
Tower of London, where your head will be cut off (33)____________ a warning to other
presumptuous flower girls. If you are not found out, you shall have a present of seven-and-
sixpence to start life with (34)________ a lady (35)_________ a shop.
Ex. 18. (A, B) Read the text. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box, where necessary. You may need some of the words more than once.
once, on, as, in, after, with, by, into, that, until, what, before, on, which, besides
FITTING IN (after Mike Quinj
(1)________ there were two philosophers, who, having answered an advertisement
(2)________ the newspaper, got themselves jobs (3)__________ lighthouse keepers on a
lonely island way out (4)________ the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
They were the only human beings (5)_________ the island and there was only one little
house for them to live (6)________ . (7)________ they had been put ashore (8)________
all their belongings, they picked up their suitcases and started walking towards the house. Although they were both philosophers, they had entirely different views.
(9)________ they were walking along, one of them said, "This is a lonely place hardly ever
visited (10)________ men, but (11)_________ my philosophy shared (12)________ many
people all over the world, I'm sure (13)_________ I will be able to fit myself (14)_________
it. Given some time, I can accomodate myself to anything. It is merely a matter of adjusting one's mind to it."
"It is lonely enough," the other philosopher replied (15)_________ he looked around, "but
I'm sure (16)_________ we will be able to fix it up so (17)__________ it is suitable to our
needs. It is just a matter of a little hard work and perseverance."
So saying they walked (18)________ the house. Everything went well (19)________ they
came to the bedroom. (20)_________ they came (21)_________ it, they saw that the beds
were too little for them.
"We'll certainly have to change this," exclaimed one. "Neither you nor I could sleep
(22)________ those!"
"I can see (23)________ you are of those radical complainers," said the other. "Why don't
you take the things as you find them? That's my philosophy. Fit yourself (24)_________ . !
Why try to change the world? Take it as it is and make the.best of it!"
The other said, "Wouldn't it be wiser to make the beds larger (25)_________ a little effort?
That's (26)________ I'm going to do (27)_________ mine."
"You're an unpractical dreamer," said the conservative philosopher. "Think of all the trouble.
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In the first place, you would have to chop down a tree, saw it (28)_________ boards, and
then you'd have to hammer nails (29)_________ them. It's all very well for you to speak
about your Utopian ideas, but just try to put them (30)________ practice. Suppose the tree
falls on you or you miss the nail (31)________ the hammer and hit your thumb?"
"Do as you please," said the other and started chopping down a tree (32)_______ an axe.
The other man took off his clothes and stepped (33)_________ a tub filled (34)_________
cold water. (35)_________ he was attracted (36)__________ the chattering of teeth, the
industrious philosopher left his work and went to find out (37)__________ was the matter
(38)________ his companion. The other explained (39)________ he was shrinking himself
to be exactly the right size to fit the bed. (40)_________ he had failed to shorten his length
and had caught a very bad cold instead, the conservative philosopher began to write an
essay on the benefits of discomfort, to justify his position. (41)_________ the sundown, he
approached his companion who by now was hammering the last nails (42)_________ his
finished bed and told him (43)_______ he had decided to chop off his legs, (44)_______
would make him just the right size. (45)_______ , his feet hurt him anyway. He rolled up his
pants, put one leg on the block, raised the axe, and then changed his mind. "If God meant
me to suffer," he said, "it is better (46)______________ I suffer and not try to interfere
(47)________ his will."
Late that night the industrious philosopher was awakened (48)_______ someone shaking
his shoulder. "The thing (49)__________ I don't like about you Communists," said the
conservative, "is (50)________ in the end all you are thinking of is yourself. How can you
sleep comfortably (51)_________ that big bed while I, a fellow human being, am cramped
beyond human endurance?"
"Climb (52)________ ," said the radical, "and stop complaining."
The conservative climbed (53)________ and stretching out his legs sighed in relief. Then,
(54)________ he went to sleep, he said, "If you want to put your propaganda over on me,
you might as well forget it. I have a mind of my own and I'm not going to be dictated to. This
bed will probably collapse (55)_________ morning anyhow. So don't say (56)_________ I
didn't warn you".
4. EMPHASIS
In the English language there is a variety of ways to emphasize (выделить, подчеркнуть) the meaning of certain parts of a sentence. We shall deal here with those that may cause some difficulty in understanding and interpreting the sense of the sentence: emphatic do, double negation; emphatic constructions "it is... that/which/who/whom"; "it was not until... that"; the,emphatic phrase "not... till/until".
4.1 THE EMPHATIC DO
The verb do is used to emphasize the predicate of the sentence. It is placed right before the predicate in the required grammatical form, and the predicate is in the form of the infinitive without to:
We waited and waited, and finally - Мы все ждали и ждали, и наконец, он все -
he did come. таки пришел.
She did learn to drive at the age of 65. - Она действительно научилась водить
машину в возрасте 65-ти лет.
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He does know a lot about the ocean. - Он на самом деле много знает об океане.
She does talk a lot, doesn't she? - Она, и правда , много говорит.
NOTE: the verb do in these cases is always pronounced with strong stress.
EXERCISES_____________________________________________________________
Ex. 1. (A, B) Translate the sentences into Russian. Try to convey the exact meaning of
the emphatic do. 1.1 don't have much contact with my family. I do see my younger sister, though, when I come to London. 2.1 don't take much exercise now, but I did play volleyball quite a lot when I was at school. 3. He said he would come and he did come. 4. Now I see that she does know the subject well. 5. We do not know very much of this author. But we do know that all the three poems were written by him. 6. One day a big wolf waited in a dark forest for a little girl to come along carrying a basket of food to her grandmother. Finally a little girl did come along. 7. Materialism does not deny the reality of mind. What materialism does deny is that a thing called "the mind" exists separate from the body. 8.1 don't object to your going to the mountains, but I do object to your going there unaccompanied. 9. This writer does, however, belong to that small and select company of contemporary writers whose best work will survive beyond their lifetime. 10. He didn't come, but he did send them the atlas as he had promised.
Ex. 2. (В, С) Translate the sentences into English.
1 .Я действительно сначала думала, что это из-за денег. 2. Я на самом деле люблю его. 3. Я все-таки думаю, что мы должны туда поехать. 4. Я и правда поверила тебе тогда. 5. Он на самом деле хочет тебе помочь. 6. Ты, правда, выглядишь замечательно сегодня. 7. Будь же все-таки серьезной! 8. Он все-таки отклонил это предложение. 9. Они действительно согласились сделать эту работу. 10. Я все-таки надеюсь, что вы приедете.
4.2 DOUBLE NEGATION
The particle not before a negative adjective or adverb serves to emphasize the positive
meaning of the adjective or adverb. Such phrases are usually rendered in Russian by means
of the combinations «довольно, весьма, вполне» + прилагательное (наречие):
not unusual - вполне обычный
not impossible - весьма возможный
not infrequently - довольно часто
E.g.: Constructons of this type are not unusual in thiscountry. Such outcome is not impossible.