Beside, besides and except
Beside means "alongside of, at the side of." Besides means "in addition to", or plus (+).
Except means "excluding," or minus (-).
E.g. We sat beside the water. I haven't any other living relations besides this cousin of mine.
They are all relatives of mine except Olivia.
NB! Besides can also be an adverb and act in the sentence as a parenthesis, which is
separated by commas: I haven't the time, and besides, I am not interested.
* tenner = ten pounds (inf.)
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EXERCISES
Ex. 4. (A, B) Select the proper preposition from the brackets.
I.The dog sat (besides/beside) his master. 2. They found nobody in the house (beside/ besides) the caretaker. 3. (Besides/Beside) the lake grew beautiful wild daffodils. 4. How many people (except/besides) you are going to the game? 5. May I sit (beside/besides) you at the concert? 6. (Besides/except) a bottle of brandy,'we drank a bottle of champagne and some beer. 7.I like all colours (besides/except) grey.
AS AND LIKE
As means in the role of, or in the capacity of. Like means manner (comparison). E.g. He ran like an athlete. He acted as usher at his brother's wedding.
EXERCISES_____________________________________________________________
Ex.5 (A, B) Select the proper preposition from the two in brackets.
1. The scouts worked (as/like) beavers to finish the cabin on time. 2. Stop that nonsense! You are acting (as/like) a baby. 3. The manager hired him to act (as/like) a fool in one of Shakespeare's plays. 4. The water felt (as/like) ice to her tender skin. 5.1 feel (as/like) a fool, having all this fuss made over me. 6. (As/Like) a nurse I can't approve of your decision to leave hospital so soon, but (as/like) a mother I understand you perfectly.
Ex.6 (В, С) Supply the proper preposition from the box.
between, among, in, into, as, like, at, by, with, besides, beside, except
1 The thief dropped the watch________ his pocket and ran. 2.1 left him standing_______
the wreck of his car. 3. I acted__________ chairman at the meeting of our club yesterday.
4. As soon as he saw the child fall________ the water, he jumped after her. 5. Come early;
there will be nobody home________ my brother and me. 6. Some people can say one thing
and think another, but_________ me it is different. 7. There were two people__________
the station__________ me. 8. "Let's go___________ that store first," he suggested to his
friend. 9. "My theory is," he continued, that the letters were put_____ the wrong envelopes.
10. He stayed_________ his aunt's during the whole of his childhood. 11. Every time I go to
see that actor, I like the way he grips you_________ his fine work. 12. Even________ the
bankers of Wall Street there are very few who would not obey such a law. 13. As we proceeded to cross the avenue, we realized that a tremendous number of soldiers were stationed
_________ that very spot. 14._________ the intersection of Broadway and Fifty-ninth Street
there was a huge traffic jam. 15. He had a very large box of candy__________ him on the
table. 16. Yesterday he came to see his little niece and brought a pretty puppy_________
him. 17. "Look," he said, pulling up a chair__________ the bed. 18. I myself have been
friendly_________ him for at least nine years. 19. So here I was with somewhere_______
one and six months left to live, growing more melancholy every hour - and then, all of a sudden,
in comes Landy. 20. She paused on the pavement, feeling the envelope__________ her
fingers. 21. She took one puff and laid the cigarette___________ the ash-tray. 22. I saw
something lying________ the wheels of the train. 23. She was standing laughing____________
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a crowd of her admirers. 24. What's the difference_________ a crow and a rook? 25.1 have
a number of poets and actors__________ my friends. 26. She went to the party dressed
_________ a bunny (зайчик). 27. It's funny how she always talks_______ . a distinguished
professor! 28. They all went on to learn Latin and Greek and splendid things_______ that;
I would make all boys learn English: and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin____
an honour, and Greek_________ a treat (W. Churchill). 29. A man who wastes money is
known_________ a spendthrift. 30. Their house is__________ the Mosque,__________
the roadside. 31. They travelled through all parts of Great Britain________ Ulster. 32.1 like
wandering_________ the woods all by myself. 33. They had brought Lulu________ them
and had spent some time throwing the ball_________ the sea. 34. The tall castle they had
built_________ the water's edge had already disappeared. 35. He knelt__________ her,
pushing away the sand.
Ex. 7. (В, С) Translate into Russian using the proper prepositions.
1. Они потушили пожар водой из колодца. 2. Я провел у дяди все лето. 3. Она осталась с больной сестрой на всю ночь. 4. На столе у моей кровати была тарелка с виноградом. 5. Их маленький домик стоял в лесу, спрятанный между большими деревьями. 6. Мы живем у моря; я каждый день вижу его из своего окна. 7. Вы можете поехать туда на автобусе. 8. Он работал водителем автобуса полгода. 9. В Греции, как в Италии, при приготовлении пищи употребляют много оливкового масла. 10. Я воспользовался своим башмаком как молотком. 11. Он наколол (chopped) дров топором и сложил их у печки. 12. После завтрака мы хотели повезти маму (take ... for a beautiful drive away) за город, но папа предложил использовать машину для поездки на холмы, где были его любимые ручьи с форелью. 13. В полдень жара в этих широтах (latitudes) очень сильная, и приходится скрываться (take refuge) от нее в доме. 14. Это только между нами с тобой. 15. Я не люблю бывать среди незнакомых людей. 16. Кроме него там было еще двое. 17. Миссис Перл положила последнюю страницу рукописи на диван рядом с собой. 18. Я никогда не встречала таких как ты. 19. Она медленно опустила руку (reached) в свою сумочку и достала очки. 20. Между ними нет большой разницы. 21. Он шел легко и стремительно, как молодой человек. 22.Ты, возможно, займешься нефтяным бизнесом, как твой папа. 23. Кто был вчера у Петровых кроме вас двоих? 24. Все кроме Васи пришли вовремя.
Ex. 8 (В, С) Fill in the blanks. Use beside or besides.
1 .Who's the pretty blonde sitting_________ Keith? 2._________ languages, we have to
study literature and history. 3. Who was at the theatre________ Anne and John? 4.1 don't
like this dress;________ , it's too expensive. 5. "Perhaps you'll be lucky this time," he said
as he settled himself________ her in the car. 6. It's too late to go out, and_________ , you
haven't done your work. 7.________ the apple-trees we've got a few very tall pear-trees in
the garden. 8.1 don't feel like going anywhere.________ , it's starting to rain.9. Don't stand
_______ that wall - it doesn't look safe. 10.1 don't like him; he is careless and lazy, and
_______ , he is impertinent.
Ex. 9. (В, С) Fill in the blanks. Use with or by with the Passive.
1 This book was written______ my friend. 2. They were shocked_______ his attitude. 3. I
was annoyed______ him. 4. I was annoyed_______ the way the boy spoke to his little
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brother. 5. One person was Killed______ the fallen tree. 6. The victim was killed______ a
heavy stone. 7. There was a very bad accident in the mountains that winter: three people
were killed______ the snow avalanche.8. She always expects to be pleased (угождать)
_____ all and everyone. 9. The capricious old lady was finally pleased_________ a lot of
flattery and numerous expensive gifts.
Ex.10. ( В , С ) Dictation-translation.
1.Оставайся вечером с нами. 2. Он подошел и сел рядом со мной на скамью. 3. Она сидела на стуле у двери 4. Ты ведешь себя как подросток! 5. Он всегда открывает письма ножом. 6. Кроме того, что он съел три пирожных, он съел десять шоколадок! 7. Они привезли довольствие (supplies) на поезде. 8.Пришли все кроме ваших студентов. 9. Вор, наверное, вошел через заднюю дверь. 10. Нынешнее лето я проведу у своей подруги под Москвой. 11. Какие могут быть тайны между нами! 12. Ты теперь среди друзей. 13. Раздели это яблоко на четыре части. 14. Это место известно в городе как Пять Углов. 15. Давай встретимся у Пяти Углов.
2. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence is a hierarchical structure, which consists of an independent (main) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses. The subordinate clauses may function grammatically as subject, object, predicative, attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause. The subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions and connectives. These conjunctions and connectives are often polysemantic and multifunctional, which may cause confusion in usage and understanding. We shall consider here only those types of sentences and connectives which may present some difficulties in understanding and translating.
2.1 SUBJECT CLAUSES
Subordinate subject clauses are introduced by the following connectives:
that - то, что
what - то, что; что ... , так это ...
if, whether - частица ли после сказуемого в предложении-подлежащем
who - кто; тот, кто
whoever - кто бы ... ни ...; всякий, кто ...
which - кто из; который из
whatever - всё, что; что бы ни ...
where - то, где; вопрос о том, где; то, куда; вопрос о том, куда
when - то, когда; вопрос о том, когда
why - то, почему; вопрос о том, почему
how - то, как; вопрос о том, как
how + adjective - насколько + прилагательное
E . g . That he will never agree to this plan is absolutely clear. - To, что он никогда не согласится на этот план, совершенно ясно.
Whether he will agree to this plan is not quite clear. - Еще не совсем ясно, согласится ли он на этот план.
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How important it is to start the work right away is clear to everybody. - Всем ясно, насколько важно начать эту работу немедленно.
NOTE: When a subject clause is placed at the end of the sentence, it is introduced by the anticipatory it: It is surprising how your voice hasn't changed.
EXERCISES______________________________________________________________
Ex. 1 .(A, B) Translate the sentences into Russian.
LThat electrons compose the atom was settled, but what an electron is was yet to be discovered. 2.It is very difficult for me to know whether to say yes or no. 3. Whether there is life on Mars has been a most intriguing problem since the exploration of space started. 4. How this can happen may be shown on a diagram. 5. What seems to us today to be a banal truth was by no means trivial and commonplace six centuries ago. 6. That the environment should and does affect man in a great variety of ways is a point beyond discussion. 7. When this should be done remains to be settled yet. 8. Why he did it and when has been puzzling me these two days. 9. Which of them is going to win, has suddenly become a matter of primary importance for everybody. 10. Whatever they say or do becomes immediately known to the headmaster. 11. It is my belief that they were lost while trying to locate their companions. 12. That he exceeded his authority in this instance seems practically certain.
Ex.2. (В, С) Translate from Russian into English.
1. Тот, кто не знает этого, не знает ничего. 2. То, что я пытался узнать, было очень важно для нашего расследования. 3. Кто шляпку украл - тот и тетку прибил (do smb in). 4. Пыталась ли она когда-либо изменить это или нет, было спрятано в ее собственном сердце. 5. Удивительно, как мало изменился этот район. 6. Что мне больше всего нравится в полковнике, так это его усы. (Больше всего в полковнике мне нравятся его усы). 7. Что бы вы ни делали, не говорите сразу «да». 8. Что бы она ни намеревалась (mean) сказать, осталось несказанным. 9. Вопрос о том, куда им переезжать, не обсуждался. 10. Встретятся ли они когда-нибудь еще - загадка. 11. Насколько трудно было выполнить эту работу, видно из ее дневника. 12. Кто бы это ни сделал - гений. 13. То, что вы сделали, непростительно. 14. То, что нравилось им, восхищало меня. 15. Когда вы это сделаете, мне не важно. 16. Как вы это сделаете -совсем другой вопрос (matter). 17. Как вы это собираетесь сделать, мне не ясно. 18. Вопрос о том, есть ли жизнь подобная жизни на Земле еще где-нибудь во вселенной, всегда интересовал ученых.
2.2 PREDICATIVE CLAUSES
A subordinate predicative clause together with the link-verb in the main clause forms a compound nominal predicate to the subject of the main clause. The connectives introducing predicative clauses are the same as with subject clauses (See p. 349).
E.g. This decision is what we have been hoping for. - Это решение - как раз то , на что мы надеялись .
But his chief trouble was that he did not know any editor or writer ... - Но главная его проблема заключалась в том , что он не знал ни одного редактора или писателя .
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Sometimes we need to translate the link-verb to be into Russian. The recommended ways to do it are:
состоит в том, что ...
представляет собой то, что ...
является тем, что ...
это то, что ...
EXERCISES _________________________ _______________ ^____
Ex . 3. ( А , В ) Translate into Russian.
1. This was what I wished for. 2. This book was what is often referred to as an autobiographical novel. 3. The main reason for studying the sentence is that you may be able to handle it more effectively. 4. My idea is that he will give up as soon as he sees that the struggle is hopeless. 5. The mistake was that he had never had to earn his living. 6. The boy's only excuse was that he had had no time to study. 7. This was why he had thought of Bosinney. 8. The greatest difficulty is how you are to get across the border. 9. It is wonderful and beautiful how a man and his dog will stick to one another, through thick and thin. 10. The most important thing is whether they can deliver the parcel in time.
Ex.4. (В, С) Translate the sentences into English.
1. Самое неприятное условие заключается в том, что мы сами должны поехать за товаром. 2. Его предложение состоит в том, что они изготовят и доставят мебель сами. 3. Такая работа - это то, что называется настоящим искусством. 4. Самая большая загадка - это как он сюда попал. 5. Самое смешное в этом то, что я не знаю ответа на ваш вопрос. 6. Единственное, чего я не знаю - это знает ли он. 7. Ваша поддержка - это то, в чем она сейчас нуждается больше всего. 8. Поэтому они и послали за вами. 9. Причина в том, что ты не хочешь понимать. 10. Его самая большая надежда - это то, что опыт удастся.
2.3 CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY THAT , WHAT AND WHICH
Compare the following sentences:
1. I told you everything (that) I know. - Я рассказал вам все, что знаю.
2. I told you what I know. - Я рассказал вам, что я знаю.
3. I told you about the plan, which is enough for the present . - Я рассказал вам про план, чего на настоящий момент достаточно . ( И этого на настоящий момент достаточно .)
4. I told you (that) I know about your plan. - Я сказал вам, что я знаю про ваш план.
That in the first sentence refers to the pronoun before it, and repeats its meaning.
What in the second sentence does not have any noun or pronoun before it. The general meaning of what is the thing(s) that. What cannot be used if there is a noun or pronoun in the main clause, which the subordinate clause modifies.