□ My watch (clock) is slow.
□ He has two watches (clocks).
EXERCISES_______________________
Ex. 1. (A) Write the plurals of these nouns in the columns below to show their pronunciation. Shop, glass, friend, bottle, cinema, clock, guitar, hotel, island, lake, light, month, office, park, piece, smile, space, tape, village, box, match, beach, address.
[s] [z] [iz]
1. shoo________ 7.________ friend_______ 13.________ glasses_______
2. ___________________ _ 8. ____________________ 14.______________________
3. ___________________ _ 9. ____________________ 15.______________________
4. ___________________ _ 10. ___________________ 16.______________________
5. _____________________ 11. ___________________ 17._____________________
6. _____________________ 12. ___________________ 18.______________________
Ex. 2. (A, B) Give the plural of the following nouns.
A
Toe, city, hero, piano, calf, cliff, proof, chief, stitch, bath, belief, life, shelf, berry, valley, roof, pen, window, wall, week, clock, ship, library, watch, dress, country, glass, day, party, play, bus, leaf, life, colony, fox, half, mass, eye, language, place, key, thief, ray, bush, mouth, journey;
В
foot, boot, ox, fox, man, woman, month, mouse, child, ship, goose, deer, cheese, sheep;
С
crisis, phenomenon, datum, nucleus, basis, apparatus, criterion, series, analysis, formula;
D
room-mate, fellow-worker, court-martial, man-of-war, boy-messenger, onlooker, passer-by, sister-in-law, postman, son-in-law, fisherman, schoolgirl, text-book, pocket-knife, statesman, editor-in-chief.
Ex. 3. (B) Change the number of the noun in italic type where possible and make all other necessary changes.
I
1. Put the box on the shell. 2.1 was presented with a dozen handkerchiefs. 3. The boy must have two teeth pulled out. 4. The hunter got a prize for killing the woli that had caused much damage to the village flock. 5. The child was bitterly crying over the broken toy. 6. He showed me a photo of his country house. 7. The scout brought some valuable information. 8.1 bought a pair of nylon gloves. 9.1 saw a mouse in the kitchen. 10. The ox drove a cart of hay. 11. A very strange phenomenon was observed by astronomers yesterday. 12. Her hair was soft and curly.
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II
1. Boy drove the sheep to the village. 2.1 have hurt my foot. 3. This is a lady-bird. 4. Where is the knife? 5. This factory has a good laboratory. 6. The last leal fell from the tree. 7. This story is very long. 8. The speech was very interesting. 9. He left the key on the table. 10. Where is the brush? 11.1 like his new play. 12. The root of the ftoivse was covered with snow. 13. The wife of the sailor stood on the shore. 14. My aunt has a goose.
Ill
1. The mice live behind the stove. 2. The keys to the boxes were lost. 3. The wolves have been shot. 4. The f/'s/? were caught. 5. We have good postmen in our area. 6. The cargoes will be discharged tomorrow.
Ex. 4. (B) Supply the missing words.
1. The stairs______ worn by thousands of visitors. 2. Where__________ the scissors? -
_______ are in the first drawer on the left. 3.The scales_______________ broken. 4. How
much did you pay for_______ trousers? -________ were very expensive! 5. If your clothes
______ dirty, please put them in the laundry basket. 6. His old grandfather's watch______
made of gold. 7. All their belongings______ been destroyed in a fire. 8. My earnings (not)
______ high, but at least they_______ regular. 9. These shorts_______ fit me at all!
Ex. 5. (B) Use the appropriate form of the verb.
1. "There____ money in my pocket," I said to the porter (is, are). 2.1 know my hair_______
beautiful, everybody says so (is, are). 3. These white swine_________ not live (does, do).
4. ... this watch______ a special favourite with Mr Pickwick, having been carried about...
for a greater number of years than we feel called upon to state, at present (was, were).
5. The deer_____ ravaging the man's fields (was, were). 6. Money_____ so scarce that it
could fairly be said not to exist at all (was, were). 7. I was here before the gates_________
opened, but I was afraid to come straight to you (was, were). 8. The papers______ dull, the
news____ local and stale, and the war news____ all old (was, were). 9. At Capracotta, he
had told me, there_____ trout in the stream below the town (was, were). 10. Her hair_____
loose and half-falling, and she wore a nurse's dress (was, were). 11. The nurse's wages
____ good (was, were).
Ex. 6. (В, С) Translate into English.
A
1. Эта лестница ведет к морю. 2. Он дал мне хороший совет 3. Все сведения были очень важные. 4. Мы получили такие же сведения. 5. Эти деньги не мои. 6. У меня было мало денег. Я не мог позволить себе покупать такие дорогие вещи. 7. Его познания в математике поразили нас. 8. Ваших знаний недостаточно, чтобы сдать экзамен. 9. Какая интересная работа! 10. Какие вы нам принесли новости? 11. Эти новости уже всем известны.
В
1. Я купил эти часы в Лондоне. Они очень хорошие. 2. Ваши часы спешат. 3. Я не мог войти в сад, так как ворота были закрыты. 4. Сани стоят у ворот. 5. Экспорт этого товара значительно увеличился.
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с
1. Какие из этих овец будут посланы на выставку? 2. Этот груз прибыл на прошлой неделе. 3. Его одежда совсем новая. 4. Там было очень мало людей. 5. Картофель очень хороший в этом году. 6. Морковь очень дешевая осенью. 7. Фрукты в нашем саду уже созрели. 8. Его заработная плата очень высокая. 9. Содержание его письма было совсем неожиданным. 10. Франция славится своими винами.
D
1. В аквариуме пять рыбок. Одна рыбка золотая. 2. Эти новости очень интересные. 3. Кому принадлежат деньги? - Я не знаю, кому они принадлежат. 4. Фермеры довольны. Они вырастили много свиней и овец. 5. Ваши деньги на столе. Возьмите их. 6. Наши зимние каникулы кончаются 6-го февраля. 7. Вы получили эти сведения несколько дней тому назад. 8. Ваши советы мне очень помогли. 9. Витрина привлекала внимание всех прохожих.
4. THE CATEGORY OF CASE
English nouns denoting living beings (and some lifeless things) have two cases: the common case and the genitive (or possessive) case.
THE GENITIVE
/. We show possession in English with the genitive form of a noun. This means we normally use's or s' for people and some living creatures. We put the possessive before the noun it refers to:
□ Frank's car. (Not "the car of Frank/the car of Frank's").
2. The simplest rule to remember is: Add 's to any personal noun unless it is in the form of a plural ending in -s. in which case just add an apostrophe ('). This means:
□ add 's to singular nouns and names not ending in -s: a boy's tie; Tom's hat.
□ add 's to singular nouns ending in -s: an actress's career; a waitress's job.
□ add 's to irregular plural nouns:
children's games; the men's club; sheep's wool.
□ add an apostrophe (') after the -s of regular plurals: the girls' uniforms.
□ add 's to names ending in -s:
Charles's address; Doris's panty; St. James's Park.
Famous names ending in -s just add ('): Yeats' poetry (pronounced [s] or [iz]).
□ add 's to the last element of the word group:
My friend Peter's watch; my father-in-law's house.
APOSTROPHE S ('S/S'j, COMPOUND NOUN, OR 'OF'?
1. When we want to show possession with things, we can use 'of: the leg of the table. However, we often prefer to use a compound noun instead of 'of: the table leg.
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2. We must use 'of when we can't form a compound noun: the book of the film (Not 'the film's book'); the top of the box (Not 'the box's top'). You can only learn these from experience. If you are in doubt, use 'of.