I make it a point to …….. I never fail to……. It’s a matter of discipline…….
I make sure that … It should be standard practice to ……….
3. Which other aspects of universal value does the lecturer raise?
There’s nothing wrong in saying ……………..
However,………… It’s an open question whether ……………………..
Ex. 4. Use the clichés to express your stance on the theme of the unit:
It can be confidently said that … … The time is not far off when … …I have every ground for assuming that … I am afraid nobody has the slightest idea concerning … …One cannot help wondering what … … It’s too astonishing for words … …I am stuck for the right word… We might hazard a guess that … …It wouldn’t de too much of a stretch to say that … …
| Read the texts and write either a reflective or argumentative essay: |
1. AN ARTIFICIAL SPUTNIK OF THE EARTH?
The origin of the Moon is one of the most complicated problems of cosmogony. So far there have been basically three hypotheses under discussion.
HYPOTHESIS I. The Moon was once a part of the Earth and broke away from it.
This has now been refuted by the evidence.
HYPOTHESIS II. The Moon was formed independently from the same cloud of dust and gas as the Earth, and immediately became the Earth's natural satellite.
But then why is there such a big difference between the specific gravity of the Moon (3.33 grammes per cubic centimetre) and that of the Earth (5.5 gr.)? Furthermore, according to the latest information (analysis of samples brought back by the U.S. Apollo astronauts) lunar rock is not of the same composition as the Earth's.
HYPOTHESIS III. The Moon came into being separately, and, moreover, far from the Earth (perhaps even outside the Solar system).
This would mean that the moon would not have to be fashioned from the same «clay» as our own planet. Sailing through the Universe, the Moon came into Earth's proximity, and by a complex interplay of forces of gravity was brought within a geocentric orbit, very close to circular. But a catch of this kind is virtually impossible.
Глина; близость; выгода, препятствие, подвох, захват, улов.
In fact, scientists studying the origin of the Universe today have no acceptable theory to explain how the Earth-Moon system came into being.
OUR HYPOTHESIS: The Moon is an artificial Earth satellite put into orbit around the Earth by some intelligent beings unknown to ourselves.
We refuse to engage in speculation about who exactly staged this unique experiment, which only a highly developed civilization was capable of.
2. A NOAH'S ARK?
If you are going to launch an artificial sputnik, then it is advisable to make it hollow. At the same time it would be naive to imagine that anyone capable of such a tremendous space project would be satisfied simply with some kind of giant empty trunk hurled into a near-Earth trajectory.
It is more likely that what we have here is a very ancient spaceship, the interior of which was filled with fuel for the engines, materials and appliances for repair work, navigation, instruments, observation equipment and all manner of machinery... in other words, everything necessary to enable this «caravelle of the Universe» to serve as a kind of Noah's Ark of intelligence, perhaps even as the home of a whole civilization envisaging a prolonged (thousands of millions of years) existence and long wanderings through space (thousands of millions of miles).
Каравелла; предвидеть; бродить.
Naturally, the hull of such a spaceship must be super-tough in order to stand up to the blows of meteorites and sharp fluctuations between extreme heat and extreme cold. Probably the shell is a double-layered affair – the basis a dense armouring of about 20 miles in thickness, and outside it some kind of more loosely packed covering (a thinner layer – averaging about three miles). In certain areas – where the lunar «seas» and «craters» are, the upper layer is quite thin, in some cases, non-existent.
Since the Moon's diameter is 2,162 miles, then looked at from our point of view it is a thin-walled sphere. And, understandably, not an empty one. There could be all kinds of materials and equipment on its inner surface. But the greatest proportion of the lunar mass is concentrated in the central part of the sphere, in its core, which has a diameter of 2,062 miles.
Thus the distance between the kernel and the shell of this nut is in the region of 30 miles. This space was doubtless filled with gases required for breathing, and for technological and other purposes.
Корпус, скорлупа, оболочка; жесткий; ядро; арматура, броня, каркас.
With such an internal structure the Moon could have an average specific gravity if 3.3 grammes per cubic centimetre, which differs considerably from that of Earth (5.5 grammes per cubic centimetre).
3. A BATTLESHIP THEY COULDN'T TORPEDO?
The most numerous and interesting of the formations on the lunar surface are the craters. In diameter they vary considerably. Some are less that a yard across, while others are more than 120 miles (the biggest has a diameter of 148 miles). How does the Moon come to be so pockmarked?
There are two hypothesis – volcanic and meteoric. Most scientists vote for the latter.
Kirill Stanyukovich, a Soviet physicist, has written a whole series of works since 1937 in which he expounds the idea that the craters are the result of bombardment of the Moon for millions of years. And he really means bombardment, for even the smallest celestial body, when it is involved in one of those fastest head-on collisions so common in the cosmos behaves itself like a warhead charged with dynamite, or even an atomic warhead at times. Instant combustion takes place on impact, turning it into a dense cloud of incandescent gas, into plasma, and there is a very definite explosion.
Объяснять; раскаленный.
The surprising thing is that however big the meteorites may have been which have fallen on the Moon (some have been more than 60 miles in diameter), and however fast they must have been travelling (in some cases the combined speed was as much as 38 miles per second), the craters they have left behind are for some odd reason all about the same depth, 1.2–2 miles, although they vary tremendously in diameter.
For such a big hole, it is too shallow. Furthermore, the bottom of the crater is convex, following the curve of the lunar surface. If you were to stand in the middle of the crater you would not even be able to see the soaring edge – it would be beyond the horizon. A hollow that is more like a hill is a rather strange affair, perhaps.
Выпуклый; вздымающийся, взлетающий.
Not really, if one assumes that when the meteorite strikes the outer covering of the moon, this plays the role of a buffer and the foreign body finds itself up against an impenetrable spherical barrier. Only slightly denting the 20-mile layer of armour plating, the explosion flings bits of its «coating» far and wide.
Непроницаемый.
Ex. 5. Use the clichés to express your stance:
I am inclined to think that … … I pin my hopes on … … Though the author tends to … I tend to … The author’s assumption seems a bit dodgy … though …