Read and study the words and word combinations from the texts “Open-pit mining and High Wall Mining”
1. imply – подразумевать, означать
2. a big hole in the ground – большая яма/карьер в земле
3. to blast -взрывать
4. explosives – взрывчатые вещества
5. drilling - бурение
6. a quarry- карьер. камнеломня
7. surface mining techniques – методы открытой добычи
8. sub-surface techniques – методы подземной добычи
9. to bore -бурить
10. extract more resources - добывать больше природных ресурсов
11. is performed remotely- производится удаленно
12. to monitor – следить, проверять. наблюдать
13. continuous miner machine – непрерывно работающее горное оборудование
Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining is exactly what the name implies: a big hole (or pit) in the ground. The pit in an open-pit mine is created by blasting with explosives and drilling. This type of mining is typically used to mine gravel and sand and even rock (when open-pit mining is used to extract rock from the earth, the pit is often called a quarry).
High Wall Mining
High wall mining is a combination of surface mining techniques and sub-surface techniques. The basic idea is you start with an open-pit mine, and then drill or bore into those walls to extract more resources. High wall mining is performed remotely by a person in a cabin at the surface who uses a television camera to monitor and control the continuous miner machine.
Exercise 2.
Say if the following statements are true or false:
1. The name Open-pit mining describes the technology used for gravel mining.
2. Open-pit mining is sometimes called a quarry.
3. High wall mining combines two types of mining techniques.
4. High wall mining is conducted remotely.
Text 3
Read and study the words and word combinations from the text “Dredging”
1. dredging - выемка грунта
2. a body of water- водоем
3. underwater extraction – подводная выемка
4. placer deposits – месторождения сыпучих пород
5. floating equipment – плавучее оборудование
6. dredging systems – системы выемки грунта, системы дноуглубления
7. mechanical or hydraulic – механический или гидравлический
8. the bucket ladder – конвейер с ковшами
9. bucket -line dredge – драга ковшевого конвейера
10. tool- инструмент
11. single hull- одиночный корпус
12. supporting -поддерживающий
13. excavating and lifting mechanism – экскаваторный и подъемный механизм
14. an endless chain of open buckets- бесконечная цепь открытых ковшей
15. travel around a truss or ladder – перемещаются по фермам и лестницам
16. the lower end of a ladder rests on mine face– нижний конец конвейера находится на поверхности шахты
17. at the bottom of the pond – на дне водоема
18. the feed hopper – загрузочный бункер
19. treatment plant – очистное сооружение
20. a drive sprocket – ведущее цепное колесо, блок
21. upper tumbler – верхний тумблер
22. to loop downward to an idler sprocket – спускатсья вниз к промежуточному блоку
23. roller – вал, ролик
24. are pulled up the ladder – поднимаются по конвейеру
25. dump their load into the hopper – сбрасывают груз в бункер
26. valuable material – ценный материал, порода
27. is dumped of the back end of the dredge- сбрасываются с задней части драги
28. the clam shell dredge- грейферный землечерпательный снаряд, экскаватор-раскладушка
29. operating at end of cables – работающий на конце конвейера
30. handle large particles and trash – справляться с крупными частями пород и мусором
31. pure hydraulic dredging systems – гидравлические дноуглубительные системы в чистом виде
32. suction- всасывание
33. suction with hydro-jet assistance – всасывание с частичным использованием гидроструйного двигателя
34. entirely hydro-jet- полное использование гидроструйного двигателя
35. small-sizes loose materials- сыпучие породы небольших размеров
36. marine shell deposits- залежи морских раковин
37. unconsolidated overburden- рыхлые пустые породы
38. tin- олово
39. diamonds- алмазы
40. tungsten- вольфрам
41. niobium- ниобий
42. tantalum- тантал
43. titanium- титан
44. monazite- монацит
Dredging
Dredging is the process of mining materials from the bottom of a body of water, including rivers, lakes and oceans.
Dredging is underwater excavation of a pacer deposits by floating equipment. Dredging systems are classified as mechanical or hydraulic, depending on the method of material transport.
The bucket ladder, bucket-line dredge has been the traditional placer mining tool. It consists of a single hull supporting an excavating and lifting mechanism. The excavation equipment consists of an endless chain of open buckets that travel around a truss or a ladder. The lower end of the ladder rests on the mine face, the bottom of the pond, that is where excavation takes place and the top end is located near the center of the dredge, at the feed hopper of the treatment plant. The chain of the buckets passes around the upper end of the ladder at a drive sprocket (called the upper tumbler) and loops downward to an idler sprocket (the lower tumbler) at the bottom. The filled buckets, supported by rollers are pulled up the ladder and dump their load into the hopper. After the valuable material has been removed by the treatment plant, waste is dumped of the back end of the dredge.
The clam shell dredge is characterized by a large single bucket operating at the end of cables. Although it can operate in deeper water than other systems and handles large particles and trash well.
In pure hydraulic dredging systems, the digging and lifting force is either pure suction, suction with hydro-jet assistance, or entirely hydro-jet. They are best suited to digging relatively small-sized loose materials, such as sand, gravel, marine shell deposits and unconsolidated overburden.
Hydraulic dredging has also been applied to mining of deposits containing diamonds, tin, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, titanium, monazite.
Exercise 3.
Say if the following statements are true or false:
1. Dredging is the process of underwater mining.
2. Dredging systems are classified as mechanical or physical, depending on the method of material transport.
3. The bucket ladder has always been the traditional placer mining tool.
4. The waste is usually dumped of the front end of the dredge.
5. In pure hydraulic dredging systems, the digging and lifting force is based on pure suction only.
Tasks (texts (1-3)
Exercise 4.
Match columns A and B
| A | B |
| 1. soil and rock covering the mineral deposit | a. удаляются через шахты и тоннели |
| 2.the overlying rock is left behind | b. выемка грунта |
| 3. the required mineral deposit | c. разработка пластов |
| 4. are removed through shafts or tunnels | d. требующееся месторождение минерала |
| 5. two thirds of the world’s solid minerals | e. вышележащая порода остается позади |
| 6. is used in obtaining | f. используется для добычи |
| 7. dredging | g. две трети твердых минералов в мире |
| 8. strip-mining | h. удаление горных вершин |
| 9. overburden | i. почва и породы покрывающие месторождение минерала |
| 10. mountaintop removal | j. вскрышка |
Exercise 5.
Match the words and their definitions
| 1. methods of extracting minerals near the surface of Earth | a. copper |
| 2. naturally occurring accumulations or concentrations of minerals | b. aluminium |
| 3. rock or soil overlying a mineral deposit | c. surface mining |
| 4. get, acquire | d. phosphate |
| 5. a red-brown metal | e. overburden |
| 6. a chemical compound that contains phosphorus | f. obtain |
| 7. a long, narrow, typically vertical hole that gives access to a mine | g. mineral deposit |
| 8. a light silvery-grey metal | h. shaft |
| 9. a series of buckets that move in a continuous chain, used to dredge riverbeds, ponds to excavate land | i placer deposit |
| 10. a method of mining, in which the waste and ore are completely removed from the sides and bottom of a pit which gradually becomes enormous canyon-like hole | j. to blast |
| 11. a wheel with teeth around the outer edge that fits into the holes in a chain | k. bucket-ladder |
| 12. to blow up or break apart something solid with explosives | l. open pit mining |
| 13. an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation from a specific source rock during sedimentary processes | m. to extract |
| 14. to take something out or put it out | n. a sprocket |
Exercise 6.
Read the texts and decide if the statements are true or false .
Correct the false statements.
1. Surface mining is a ( форма добычи) in which the soil and rock covering the mineral deposits are removed.
2. ( Открытая добыча) is the other way of underground mining.
3. The overlying rock is left behind and the required ( залежи минералов) are removed through shafts and tunnels.
4. Surface mining is used in obtaining sand, gravel, ( щебень), phosphates, coal, copper, iron and alluminium.
5. All methods of surface mining (удалят) the waste material or overburden above the desired resource.
6. Surface mining is preferred to sub-surface by mining companies because it is a rather ( дешевый) .
Exercise 7.
Find the endings to the beginnings of the following sentences and write complete sentences.
| 1. Dredging is the process of | a. a big-hole (or a pit) in the ground. |
| 2. High wall mining is | b. mining materials from the bottom of water, including rivers, lakes and oceans. |
| 3. Dredging systems are classified as | c. created by blasting with explosives and drilling. |
| 4. The bucket ladder consists of | d. mechanical or hydraulic depending on the method of material transport. |
| 5. Open pit mining is | e. single hull supporting an excavating and lifting mechanism. |
| 6. The excavation equipment consists of | f. a combination of surface mining techniques and sub-surface techniques. |
| 7. The chain of buckets passes | g. an endless chain of open buckets that travel around a truss or a ladder. |
| 8. The filled buckets supported by rollers are pulled up | h. either pure suction with hydro-jet assistance or entirely hydro-jet. |
| 9. The pit in an open-pit mine is | I. the upper end of ladder at a drive sprocket and loops downward to an idler sprocket at the bottom. |
| 10. In pure hydraulic dredging systems the digging and lifting force is | j. the ladder and dump their load into the hopper. |
Exercise 8.
Translate from Russian into English
1. Ямы /карьеры в открытых шахтах создаются путем взрывных работ или бурения.
2.Этот способ используется при добыче гравия и песка.
3. Добыча с высоких стен — это комбинация открытых методов добычи и методов подземной добычи.
4. Выемка грунта — это процесс добычи со дна водоема, включая реки, озера, и океаны.
5. Выемка грунта — это подводное выкапывание сыпучих месторождений с помощью плавучего оборудования.
6. Конвейер с ковшом является традиционным оборудованием для добычи сыпучих пород.
7. Он состоит из одного корпуса поддерживающего механизм выемки и поднятия.
8. Оборудование выемки состоит из бесконечной цепи открытых ковшей, которые перемещаются по фермам или конвейерам.
9. Нижняя часть конвейера остается на поверхности шахты, на дне водоема, где происходит выемка, а верхняя часть расположена около драги, у загрузочного бункера очистного сооружения.
10. Полные ковши, поддерживаемые валом, поднимаются вверх по конвейеру и сбрасывают груз в бункер.