Text 4. The State System of Russia
Russia is a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. The Russian Federation consists of 89 constitutional entities (republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, the autonomous regions and autonomous area, which have equal rights). The authorities of the constituent entities have the right to pass laws independently from the federal government. The laws and other normative legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation may not contradict federal laws. The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state. The President of the Russian Federation has the right to suspend the actions of acts of executive bodies of Russian Federation members if they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, or the international obligations of the Russian Federation.
State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of its separation into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Federal Assembly - the Parliament of Russia - is the supreme representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. Executive power belongs to the central and local governments. Justice in the Russian Federation is administered by the courts of law only. Judicial power is effected by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and criminal judicial proceedings.
The President is elected to office for a term of four years by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, direct and equal suffrage by secret ballot. One and the same person cannot serve as President for more than two terms in succession. The President stops performing his duties ahead of time if he resigns, because of impeachment, or if he cannot continue to carry out his duties due to poor health. Elections of a new President are to take place within three months and in the meantime his duties are acted upon by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The President of the Russian Federation:
- appoints, with the consent of the State Duma the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, chairs the meetings of the government, accepts the resignation of the government;
- nominates for approval by the State Duma the Chairman of the Central Bank;
- nominates judges to the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court , and Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation, and the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation for appointment by the Federation Council;
- organizes and chairs the Security Council of Russia;
- is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and appoints and dismisses the supreme commanders of in Armed Forces;
- appoints diplomatic representatives for approval by the Parliament. He confers supreme military and supreme special titles and honorary titles of the state;
- has the right to show mercy and to decide on issues of citizenship;
- has the right to introduce the state of emergency throughout the country or in a particular territory within the Russian Federation;
- dissolves the State Duma;
- announces elections ahead of time and passes the decision to conduct a referendum on federal issues, etc.
Text 5. The Parliament and the Government of the Russian Federation
The Federal Assembly - the Parliament of the Russian Federation is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal Assembly consists of two houses: a Federation Council and a State Duma. The Federation Council is composed of two representatives from each member of the Russian Federation - one from its representative and one from its executive body of state authority. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies. The Federal Assembly is a permanently working body. The Federation Council and the State Duma have their sessions separately. Their sessions are public, but in the cases stipulated by their code of procedure they may hold their sessions in camera. Each of the houses forms committees and commissions and holds hearings on the appropriate issues. To supervise the execution of the federal budget the Federation Council and the State Duma form an Accounting Chamber. Its composition and procedure of work is determined by federal legislation.
The Federation Council has power:
- to approve changes of borders between members of the Russian Federation;
- to approve the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law;
- to approve the decree of the President on the introduction of the state of emergency;
- to decide the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation beyond its territory;
- to call the elections of the President of the Russian Federation;
- to remove the President of Russia from office by impeachment;
- to appoint the judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation;
- to appoint and remove from office the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation;
- to appoint the Deputy Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and half of its auditors and to remove them from office.
The State Duma has power:
- to approve the nominee of the President of the Russian Federation to
the office of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
- to appoint the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and to remove him from office; ,
- to appoint the Chairman of the Accounting Chamber and half of its auditors and to remove them from office;
- to appoint an Office for Human Rights, who acts in accordance with a federal constitutional law, and to remove him from office;
- to declare amnesty;
- to bring charges against the President of the Russian Federation for
the purpose of removing him from office by impeachment.
The Government (executive power) of the Russian Federation is composed of the Chairman of the Government (the Prime Minister), Deputy Chairmen of the Government and the federal ministers. The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma. The State Duma considers the candidate for the office of Chairman of the Government proposed by the President of the Russian Federation within a week of the submission of the nomination of the candidate. After the State Duma rejects three candidates to the office of Chairman of the Government, the President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, dissolves the State Duma, and calls new elections. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation proposes to the President his candidates to the offices of Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers.
The Government of the Russian Federation has power:
- to prepare and submit to the State Duma the federal budget and ensure its execution; submit to the State Duma a report on the implementation of the federal budget;
- to ensure the pursuit in the Russian Federation of a uniform financial, credit, and monetary policy; .
- to ensure the pursuit in the Russian Federation of a uniform state policy in the fields of culture, science, education, health protection, social security, and ecology;
- to manage federal property;
- to carry out measures aimed to ensure the defense and state security of the country and the pursuit of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
- to carry out measures aimed to ensure legality, protect human rights, personal freedoms and property, maintain public order, and combat crime.
- Глагол.
- Глаголы в английском языке могут изменяться по лицам, числам, временам действительного и страдательного залога быть в изъявительном и сослагательном наклонении.
- Английский глагол имеет три основные формы:
- Первая форма – инфинитив (the Infinitive):
- To play, to go.
- Вторая форма – прошедшее неопределенное (простое) время (Past Indefinite (Simple)):
- Played, went
- Третья форма – причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle).
- Played, gone
- По способу образования второй и третьей формы глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные. Правильные глаголы образуют эти формы при помощи добавления окончания – ed: play – played – played.
- Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью форму иначе. (см. Приложение 3, таблица неправильных глаголов). Эти глаголы рекомендуется заучивать в трех формах: go – went – gone.
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- I.5.1. Спряжение глагола-связки “ to be”
- В английском языке в предложении обязательно должен быть глагол. Если другого смыслового глагола нет, то используется глагол-связка “to be” Например, в русских предложениях «Я студент» или «В сумке письмо» глагол отсутствует, в английском языке должна быть необходимая форма глагола-связки “to be” Форма зависит от лица и числа существительного или местоимения, выполняющего роль подлежащего или их заменителей.
- Данный глагол имеет следующие формы:
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- Таблица 3.
- Спряжение глагола “to be”
Present Indefinite (Simple) Настоящее неопределенное (простое) | Past Indefinite (Simple) Прошедшее неопределенное (простое) | Future Indefinite(Simple) Будущее неопределенное (простое) | |
(+) | I (я) am He (он) She (она) is It (оно) We (мы) You (ты, вы) are They (они) | I He was She It We You were They | I shall be We You He will be She It will be They |
(-) | I am not He is not She (isn`t) It We are not You ( aren`t) They | I was not He ( wasn`t) She It We were not You ( weren`t) They | I shall not (shan`t) be We He will not (won`t) be She It You They |
(?) | Am I? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they? | Was I? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were you? Were they? | Shall I be? Shall we be? Will you be? Will he be? Will she be? Will it be? Will they be? |
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- Например:
Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite | |
Affirmative | There is a letter in the bag. There are letters in the bag. | There was a letter in the bag. There were a letters in the bag. | There will be a letter in the bag. There will be letters in the bag. |
Interrogative | Is there a letter in the bag? Are there letters in the bag? | Was there a letter in the bag? Were there letters in the bag? | Will there be a letter in the bag? Will there be letters in the bag? |
Negative | There is not (isn`t) a letter in the bag. There are no letters in the bag. | There was not (wasn`t) a letter in the bag. There were no letters in the bag. | There will not (won`t) be a letter in the bag. There will be no letters in the bag. |
I.5.2. Времена группы Indefinite (Simple).
- Времена группы Indefinite (Simple) обозначают обычное, регулярное, повторяющееся действие, либо указывают на сам факт его совершения в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем.
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- The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- Настоящее неопределенное (простое) время описывает повторяющиеся действия в настоящем. Его указатели often(часто), seldom(редко), always (всегда), usually (обычно), regularly (регулярно), every day (каждый день), sometimes (иногда, as a rule (как правило). Данное время образуется при помощи первой формы глагола ( V), но в третьем лице единственного числа к глаголу добавляется окончание – s ( Vs). Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы используются вспомогательные глаголы do и does. Does употребляется в третьем лице единственного числа, а do во всех остальных лицах.
- Упражнение 9. Проспрягайте выражение “to play football” во всех лицах в утвердительной, отрицательной и вопросительной форме в настоящем времени (см. Таблица 4)
- The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- Прошедшее неопределенное (простое) время описывает повторяющиеся действия в прошлом. Его указатели yesterday (вчера), last week ( month, year) (на прошлой неделе (месяце, году)), the day before yesterday (позавчера), ago (назад). Данное время образуется для правильных глаголов при помощи добавления к первой форме глагола окончания –ed ( Ved), а для неправильных – при помощи второй колонки таблицы неправильных глаголов (V2). Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы используется вспомогательный глагол did, после которого употребляется первая форма глагола (did + V).
- The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- Будущее неопределенное (простое) время описывает повторяющиеся действия в будущем. Его указатели tomorrow (завтра), the day after tomorrow (послезавтра), next week ( month, year) (на следующей неделе (месяце, году)), in a day ( week, month) (через день (неделю, месяц)). Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall/ will и первой формы смыслового глагола (shall/ will + V). Shall используется с местоимениями первого лица, а will - с остальными местоимениями.
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- Таблица 4. Времена группы Simple ( Indefinite)
Present | Past | Future | |
(+) | I We You work (V) They He She works (Vs) It | I We He She worked (Ved) It You They | I shall work (V) We He She It will work (V) You They |
Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, every day, as a rule | Yesterday, ago, last | Tomorrow, next, in a … | |
(-) | I We do not (V) You (don¢t) They He does not (V) She (doesn’t) It | I We He did not (V) She (didn’t) It You They | I shall not (V) We (shan¢t ) work He will not (V) She (won’t) work It You They |
(?) | I Do we (V)? you they he Does she (V)? it | I we you Did they (V)? he she it | Shall I work (V)? we you they Will he work (V)? she it |
- I.5.3. Времена группы Continuous (Progressive)
- Времена группы Continuous.
- to be (am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be) + Ving
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- The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense
- Настоящее длительное (продолженное) время описывает действия, которые происходят в момент речи, действия в процессе их выполнения. Его указатели now (сейчас), at the moment (в данный момент), Look! (Посмотрите!) Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be (в нужной форме) (am, is, are+ Ving) и добавления окончания – ing к первой форме смыслового глагола: She is reading an English book now.
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- The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense
- Прошедшее длительное (продолженное) время описывает действия, которые а) происходили в прошлом в определенное время; б) происходили в прошлом одновременно. Его указатели: а) at 3 o’clock yesterday, from 5 to 7 yesterday, b) while. Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “to be” в форме “was” (для единственного числа) и “were” (для множественного числа) и добавления окончания –ing к первой форме смыслового глагола: While students were looking through a test, a teacher was writing something on the blackboard.
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- The Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense
- Будущее длительное (продолженное) время описывает действия, которые будут происходить в будущем в определенное время. Его указатели: at 3 o’clock tomorrow, from 5 to 7 tomorrow. Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “to be” в будущем времени (shall be/will be) и добавления окончания – ing к первой форме смыслового глагола: He will be playing football from5 to 6 tomorrow.
- Таблица 5. Времена группы Continuous
Present | Past | Future | |
«+» | I am V ing We You are V ing They He She is V ing It | I He was V ing She It We You were V ing They | I shall be V ing We You They He will be V ing She It |
Now, at the moment, Look! | At 3 o’clock yesterday, from 3 to 5 yesterday, while | At 3 o’clock tomorrow, from 3 to 5 tomorrow | |
«-» | I am not V ing He is not She (isn’t) V ing It We are not You (aren’t) V ing They | I He was not V ing She (wasn’t) It We were not You (weren’t) They speaking | I shall not (shan`t) We be V ing You They will not He (won’t) be She V ing It |
«?» | Am I V ing? he Is she V ing? it we Are you V ing? they | Was I V ing? he Was she V ing? it we Were you V ing? they | Shall I be V ing? we you they Will he be V ing? she it |
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- I.5.4. Времена группы Perfect.
- The Present Perfect Tense
- Настоящее совершенное время описывает действия, которые произошли в прошлом, но связаны с настоящим через результат. А также действия, совершенные в прошлом, когда важен факт совершения действия, а не время его совершения. Его указатели ever (когда-либо), never (никогда), just (только что), already (уже), yet (еще не), recently (недавно). Все указатели, за исключением «yet», стоят между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголом и только «yet» ставится в конце предложения. Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have/ has (has употребляется в 3-м лице, единственного числа, а have во всех остальных формах) и третьей формы смыслового глагола ( V 3): She has already read a book. – They haven’ t come home yet.
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- The Past Perfect Tense
- Прошедшее совершенное время описывает действия, которые произошли до какого-то времени в прошлом. А также действие, которое совершилось раньше, чем другое действие в прошлом. Его указатели by (к, до), before (перед, до). Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола had и третьей формы смыслового глагола ( V 3): She had come home by 5 o’clock. When he came into the classroom, the students had written the test.
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- The Future Perfect Tense
- Будущее совершенное время описывает действия, которые произойдут к определенному времени в будущем. Его указатель by (к, до). Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall/ will, вспомогательного глагола have и третьей формы смыслового глагола ( V 3): He will have gone to London by the end of the week.
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- Таблица 6. Времена группы Perfect
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Present | Past | Future | |
«+» | I We have V 3 You They He She has V 3 It | I We You They had V3 He She It | I shall have V 3 We You They He will have V 3 She It |
Ever, never, just, already, recently, yet | By, before | by | |
«-» | I We You have not V 3 They He She has not V 3 It | I We You They had notV3 He She It | I shall not (shan`t) We have V 3 You They He will not (won’t) She have V 3 It |
«?» | I Have We V 3 ? You They he Has she V 3 ? it | I we you Had they V 3 ? He She it | Shall I have V 3 ? We he she Will it have V 3 ? you they |
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- I.5.5. Времена группы Perfect Continuous.
- The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- Настоящее совершенное длительное время описывает действие, которое длится в настоящем в течение определенного промежутка времени. Его указатели for (в течение, в продолжении), since (с тех пор, как). Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов have/ has been и смыслового глагола с окончанием - ing ( Ving): I have been reading a book for 2 hours.
- The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- Прошедшее совершенное длительное время описывает действия, которые происходили в прошлом в течение определенного промежутка времени. Его указатель for (в течение, в продолжении). Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов had been и смыслового глагола с окончанием - ing ( Ving): She had been watching TV for 3 hours when her mother came home.
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- The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- Будущее совершенное длительное время описывает действия, которые будут происходить в будущем в течение определенного промежутка времени. Его указатель for (в течение, в продолжении). Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall have been и смыслового глагола с окончанием - ing ( Ving): By the end of 2012 I shall have been studying here for 3 years.
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- Таблица 7. Времена группы Perfect Continuous
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Present | Past | Future | |
+ | I We have been V ing You They He She has been V ing It | I We You They had been He V ing She It | I shall have been We V ing You They He will have been She It |
For | for | for | |
- | I We You have not been They V ing He She has not been It V ing | I We You hadn’t been They V ing He She It | I shall not (shan`t) We have been You V ing They He will not (won’t) She have been It V ing |
? | Have I We been V ing? You They he Has she been V ing? it | I we you Had they been he V ing? she it | Shall I have been We V ing? he she Will it have been you V ing? they |
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