Text 11В Drainage and irrigation
One way of drainage is the natural property of the soil to allow water to pass deeply into the ground. The ease with which water can pass through a soil is influenced by soil texture. The coarser the particles, the more rapidly the water passes through the soil. So, light sandy soils are more water permeable than heavy clays.
Another way is artificial (искусственное) drainage, that is the removal of water which is not needed in order to maintain correct balance of air and water in the soil. Good drainage makes a soil easier to cultivate and increases the feeding area for plant roots. A well drained soil will also have enough air for aerobic bacteria to decompose organic matter into humus and so to provide food for the plant.
Where and when the supply of water is insufficient, irrigation is needed. There are two main sources of irrigation water: surface water and ground water. The former may be obtained from different rivers and other water reservoirs, while the latter is provided by the underground water stores.
The amount of water required for irrigation depends on a number of factors. These are the type of soil, the water deficit in the soil, the type of crop and its phase of growth. The irrigation requirement of a crop is not the same throughout its growing period, most plants requiring larger quantities of water during the later periods of growth.
7. In text B, find the sentences saying about the main ways of drainage (the first two paragraphs).
8. Answer the following questions to text B in English.
1. When is drainage necessary?
2. When is irrigation necessary?
3. Do plants need the same amount of water during the growing?
Listening and Speaking Focus
Watch the video and answer the following questions:
1. What problems does poor drainage lead to?
2. How does drain tile work?
3. What system is recommended as economically efficient?
https://youtu.be/Ug96yQUp7nc
UNIT 12. FERTILIZERS
| In this unit you will learn: | Grammar focus: - Complex Subject. - - ing-forms (revision). - Uses of Passive Voice. Special cases (revision). - Any in affirmative sentences. Vocabulary focus Reading and comprehension focus: - Text A. Fertilizers and their application. - Text B. Essential minerals. Listening and speaking focus |
Grammar Focus
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В качестве сказуемого при таком подлежащем используются глаголы: to know – знать, to say – говорить, to think–думать, to believe – полагать, to consider – считать, полагать, to suppose – предлагать, to find – находить. Все эти глаголы формально являются сказуемыми, а по сути, передают лишь отношение к содержанию высказывания.
This cultural practice is known to be of great use on farms.
1. Этот прием возделывания, как известно, широко используется в хозяйствах.
2. Известно, что этот прием возделывания широко используется в хозяйстве.
This soil was believed to be deficient in nitrogen.
1. Эта почва, как полагали, содержит недостаточно азота.
2. Полагали, что эта почва содержит недостаточно азота.
The new variety has been found to grow well under such climatic conditions.
1. Новый сорт, как установлено, хорошо растет в таких климатических условиях.
2. Установлено, что новый сорт хорошо растет в таких климатических условиях.
Следовательно, при переводе предложения, содержащего конструкцию "сложное подлежащее", инфинитиву соответствует сказуемое, а "формальному" сказуемому – либо вводные слова (как известно, как полагают и т.д.), либо неопределенно-личное предложение с последующим союзом "что" (известно, что полагают, что ... и т.д.).
Grammar Practice
Укажите, в каких предложениях имеется конструкция "сложное подлежащее".
1. Weather conditions are known as one of the most important factors in crop production.
2. Weather conditions are known as one of the most important factors in crop production.
3. Weather conditions of these area are known to all
4. It is supposed that this farm will obtain high yields of grain crops this year.
5. This farm is supposed to obtain higher yields of grain crops this year
6. Weather conditions of these area are known to all