2. Identify the functions of the infinitive in the following sentences. Translate them .
1. The aim of our work is to prepare a sufficienty fine seedbed.
2. We spoke about new winterhardy crop varieties to be developed for northern regions.
3. To prepare a good seedbed we must use both disc and harrow on this soil.
4. To have sufficient amount of hay and silage we must grow forage crops on rather big areas.
5. Crops grown in this region should be frost-resistant in order to be able to withstand adverse effects of cold and windy weather.
6. As the weather was very hot and dry, the farmers had to irrigate the crop area.
7. For grasses to germinate more rapidly farmers have to add some manure to the soil.
8. This soil being low in organic matter, a lot of barnyard manure is to be applied.
9. The soils of our region are too acid to produce good stands of alfalfa.
10. Fertilizers to be applied should contain required amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
11. We do not grow enough forage crops on our farm to feed our livestock properly.
3. Determine by suffix the part of speech the following words belong to :
fulfilment, clearly, wider, harvester, sandy, principal, realize, reproductive, bulky, famous, supplier, helpless, manager, unavailable, cultivator, usefulness, picture, association, darkness, difference, probability, originate, remarkable, physicist, composition, insufficient.
4 . Find in text A:
a) все глаголы, имеющие значение долженствования (4-й абз.);
b) инфинитив в функции подлежащего (5-й абз.);
c) инфинитив в функции определения (5-й абз.);
d) независимый причастный оборот (предпоследний абз.).
Vocabulary Focus
| Handwrite the words and word combinations related to text A and give their Russian equivalents. Check them in the agronomy and soil science dictionaries. |
| to drill, dry, equipment, to cut (cut, cut), management, to ripen, silage, to shatter, hot, thick sowing, thin sowing, to cause, to compete, close, to get (got, got), to prevent, suitable, no, weather, whether. |
5 . Translate text А .
Text A
Agricultural practices
There are many ways in which the yield can be affected by management of a crop.
No crop will grow1 well unless it gets a good start in a suitable seedbed. The seedbed must be either fine or coarse, it must have fine soil at the depth where the seed is to be sown, and it should be moist. Different crops require different seedbed.
Sowing a crop must be done properly. The seed is to be drilled in at the right depth, depending on the size of the seed and the season. Generally the smaller the see closer it has to be sown to the surface. The time of sowing the crop depends on the length of the growing season and of the variety chosen, as well as on the moisture conditions. The sowing rate must be lower in dry areas with no rain for long periods. In such areas plants compete strongly for soil water, and irrigation should be done to obtain higher yields. The soil being rich nutrients, the rate of sowing may be increased. This factor is of great importance, for too thick or too thin sowing will lower grain production.
Proper cultivation of a crop is often essential if the highest yield is to be obtained, and the main reason of cultivation is to kill weeds when they are To harvest a crop at a proper time is also one of the conditions greatly affecting the crop production. However, before fixing the time for harvesting we should know, whether the crop is to be used for hay or for silage. Crops to be harvested for silage must be cut when they are bulky and still succulent. Crops used for hay are usually cut before they set seed. As to grain crops, they should not be harvested until the grain is mature, and hot dry weather is usually the best for grain harvests.
Mechanical harvesting helps the farmers to harvest field crops while they are in peak condition, more timely harvest reducing the risk of bad weather causing a loss in quantity and quality. For modern harvesting equipment to be of greater effect, crop varieties better adapted to mechanical harvesting have been developed. They are more uniform in height and ripen more evenly. Also crops with shorter growing season are being developed. Some grain varieties do not shatter easily as they are cut with modern harvesters.
The problem of chosing proper soil management practices is highly essential-as it not only affects the yield, but also maintains high fertility level, prevents soil erosion, and improves soil structure.
Notes to the text
1. no crop will grow – никакая культура не будет расти.
Grammar and Vocabulary Activities
6. Specify and highlight in different colours the sentence in which the following is to be used before the infinitive:
а) чтобы,
b) который.
1. Small seeds are to be sown close to the soil surface.
2. To increase yields in dry areas with long rainless periods irrigation is to be used.