TEXT 8В Soil water
Soil water is one of the most important factors affecting crop production. The success of a cropping system may sometimes depend on adequate irrigation and drainage programme.
Water must be available in the soil to compensate its losses through some natural processes during the growing season. Soil water is needed as it conducts nutrients for growing crops. It also has a great effect on aeration and temperature conditions in the soil. The soil must be able to provide water for maximum yield to be obtained.
However, the moisture content of a soil is not always optimum for the highest crop production. Usually there is either a deficiency or a too big amount of it, and crop production is reduced.
Some soils contain too much water at all times, and to be used for agriculture they require special drainage. There are soils which are always deficient in moisture because of inadequate rainfall, and will produce poor crops unless they are irrigated.
Most agricultural soils have enough water to meet plant requirements during a considerable part of the year.
Soil water is also a very essential factor in cultivation. It often determines the time and the depth of sowing. If there is too much water, the use of machine cultivation and harvesting machinery may be not possible. Insufficient amount of moisture makes the soil too hard and very difficult to cultivate.
7. Read aloud the passage from text В about the role of water in the supply of plant nutrients.
8. Give a talk on the role that soil moisture plays in growing crops.
Listening and Speaking Focus
a) Watch the video and answer the following questions:
1. What is field capacity?
2. What happens at wilting point?
3. What does the term “available water” refer to?
b) Give a talk on how to determine soil moisture in the field.
https://youtu.be/QXuXtwh4PbE
UNIT 9. FARM MANURE
| In this unit you will learn: | Grammar focus: - Verbs “to be” and “to have” before the infinitive. - Non-conjunctive relative clauses. - Word meaning: to be, to have (revision). - Verbs with the meaning of obligation (revision). - Correlative pair neither… nor…. Vocabulary focus Reading and comprehension focus: - Text A. Farm Manure. - Text B. Listening and speaking focus |
Grammar Focus
| Word meaning: to be, to have. Значения to be и to have. |
Значения to be и to have
Глаголы to be и to have могут иметь разные значения в зависимости от того, какая часть речи следует за ними в предложении. Соответственно различаются и их русские эквиваленты.
to be
| 1) be + существительное (иногда с предлогом) или прилагательное | Быть, являться, находиться, часто не переводится. |
| This is a farm. We are on the farm. The farm is large. | Это ферма. Мы (находимся) на ферме. Это хозяйство большое. |
| 2) be + причастие I | Служит для образования форм продолженного времени |
| Different machines are working in the field. | Различные машины работают в поле. |
| 3) be + причастие II | Служит для образования форм страдательного залога |
| Fields are often plowed in spring. | Поля часто пашут(ся) весной. |
| 4) be + инфинитив | 1) должен 2) состоит в том, чтобы1 |
| We are to develop new corn varieties. Our aim is to develop new corn varieties. | Мы должны вывести новые сорта кукурузы. Наша цель состоит в том, чтобы вывести новые сорта кукурузы. |
1Если по смыслу предложения to be перед инфинитивом не может соответствовать «должен», следует употреблять «состоит в том, чтобы».
to have
| 1) have + существительное | Иметь |
| This soil has good structure. | Эта почва имеет хорошую структуру. |
| 2) have + причастие II | Служит для образования перфектной формы |
| We have improved this soil by using fertilizers. | Мы улучшили эту почву, используя удобрения. |
| 3) have to + инфинитив | должен |
| We have to apply organic matter to this soil. | Мы должны вносить органические удобрения в эту почву. |
Grammar Practice
Укажите, в каких предложениях глаголы to be и to have не имеют значения долженствования.
1. We have grown these vegetable crops for many years.
2. Better varieties are to be selected.
3. Next year improved varieties should be used.