Оборот “for + существительное (местоимение) + инфинитив
В русском языке такому обороту соответствует придаточное предложение, при этом слову “for” соответствует союз “чтобы”, а инфинитиву – сказуемое.
| For seeds to germinate well the seedbed should be thoroughly prepared. | Чтобы семена хорошо проросли, пашня должна быть тщательно подготовлена. |
Grammar Practice
Укажите, в каких предложениях при переводе нужно употребить союз “чтобы” (“для того чтобы”).
1. For plants to grow better mature seeds should be used.
2. We cannot begin planting, for the soil is not wet enough.
3. Proper seeding rate is essential for good stands to be obtained.
4. Agriculture should produce more food products for people.
5. This area has been under cultivation for many years.
LESSON 8.1. SOIL
Grammar Activities
1. Identify infinitives and their functions in the following sentences. Translate the sentnences.
1. Fertilizers are used to improve soil fertility.
2. For these crops to grow well fertilizers should be applied.
3. This soil is fertile enough to produce high yields.
4. To classify crops properly one should know their characteristics.
5. The soil of this area is too poor to produce high yields of grain crops.
6. Plants absorb nutrients from the soil in order to grow well.
7. To obtain nutrients and water from the soil is the main function of plant roots.
8. Botanists study the structure of plants in order to know how they grow.
2. Say the Russian equivalents of the following international words.
1. structure, structural, structurally, structureless;
2. proportion, disproportion;
3. aggregate, aggregated, aggregation;
4. erosion, erosive;
5. normal, normally, normalization;
6. adequate, adequately, inadequate;
7. chemical, chemically, chemist;
8. deficit, deficient;
9. absorption, to absorb, absorbing, absorbed;
10. aeration, aerator.
3. Identify the following in text A:
а) infinitive functions (the last 2 paragraphs);
b) participle I functions (the first 2 paragraphs).
Vocabulary Focus
| Handwrite the words and word combinations related to text A and give their Russian equivalents. Check them in the agronomy and soil science dictionaries. heavy soil, light soil, clay loam, sand, sandy loam, acid soil, alkaline soil, fine (soil), soil structure, soil texture, soil particle, fertile, organic matter, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, erosion, wind, deficient, sufficient, to determine, to need, necessary, supply, preparation, quantity, in order (to) the ... the… |
4. Read aloud and translate text A.
Text 8A
Soil
Being less important than climate, soil properties are essential in determining which crops to grow.
Texture of a soil refers to the size of its particles. Soils range from pure sands to pure clays. The principal textural classes are sand, sandy loam, clay loam, and clay. A soil with a large proportion of clay particles is usually called a heavy soil, and the one with a large proportion of sand – a light soil, the two types differing greatly in the ease of cultivation. Soil structure refers to the manner in which the particles are arranged. An aggregated or compound structure favours good seedbed preparation, case of cultivation, and protection from wind or water erosion. Aggregated structure normally is found in soils rich in1 organic matter.
Among soil constituents, water is the most important one. The finer the soil particles, the more water the soil holds. Extremely coarse sandy soils are unable to store moisture in sufficient amounts for crops to grow well.
Air, which makes up from 20 to 25 per cent by volume of an ordinary moist soil, supplies oxygen necessary for root growth and for oxidation of organic matter and other soil constituents.
To grow well crop plants need an adequate supply of plant nutrients during the growing season. About 25 or 30 chemical elements are found in plants, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen being most abundant. The essential mineral elements that are present in plants and are most frequently deficient in soils are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. But in order to grow normally crops also absorb considerable quantities of other minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
Good soils contain adequate amounts of available nutrients to meet the needs2 of a crop plant for normal growth. They are not too acid or too alkaline to produce good growth. In general, fertile soils with a good water-holding capacity are favourable for the growth of the most important crop plants. Some soils may have an especially wide range of crop adaptation. However, to apply additional fertilizers is usually a good practice even on the best soils, provided growing conditions are favourable.
Notes to the text
1. rich in – с высоким содержанием;
2. to meet the needs – удовлетворять потребности.
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Grammar and Vocabulary Activities
5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitives and their functions.
1. То develop good tubers potatoes need sandy or sandy loam soils.