Highlight in colour and read aloud sentences containing the -ing word that corresponds to a noun in Russian.
1. The using of the new method produced good results.
2. The farmers grow wheat using the new method of cultivation.
3. Using fertilizers usually is effective on this type of soil.
4. We are using the method recommended by our agronomist.
5. We began using these fertilizers last month.
LESSON 4.1. AGRONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FIELD CROPS
Grammar and vocabulary activities
1. Translate the following paying attaention to the words ending in –ing.
1. Harvesting crops is done with special machines.
2. Higher yields of crops can be obtained by using improved varieties.
3. The planting of seed should be done into warm soil.
4. We spoke about his using a new corn harvesting machine.
2. Find and read aloud sentences containing the word growing that corresponds to a noun in Russian.
1. Growing legumes increases soil fertility.
2. Growing legumes, we increase soil fertility.
3. Farmers growing legumes increase soil fertility.
4. Farmers increase soil fertility by growing legumes.
5. The growing of this legume will increase the fertility of the soil.
3. Find the–ing words in text A and identify their function.
Vocabulary Focus
| Handwrite the words and word combinations related to text A and provide their Russian equivalents. Check them in the agronomy and soil science dictionaries. field beans, field peas, millets, rice, root crop, sorghum, tuber, vegetable, green manure crop, fibre, to adapt, to process, source, valuable, useful, purpose, throughout the world, like, unlike, for, main, mainly. |
4. Read aloud and translate Text A.
Text А
Agronomic classification of field crops
Agronomically field crops are most often grouped according to the way in which they are used. Some of our crop plants have several uses; for example, corn is most often grown as a grain crop, but it is also known as one of the most productive forage crops. Another example is soybeans that are most often produced as an oil crop, but they are also grown as a hay or green manure crop1.
The most common agronomic classification divides field crops into the following Main groups:
I. Cereals or Grain Crops. A cereal is a grass grown for its edible grain. The most important grain crops widely grown throughout the world are wheat, corn, barley, oats, rye, rice, sorghum, and millets. Grain crops are mainly used as bread crops and as concentrates in feeding livestock. They are well adapted to machine harvesting and processing. All of them are annuals, producing seed in the year of sowing.
II. Large-Seeded Legumes. The principal legumes grown for seeds are field peas, field beans and soybeans. The edible legumes are widely grown by man, for they are a very important source of protein. The growing of legumes is very useful for improving soil fertility.
III. Root Crops. Crops known as root crops are cultivated for their enlarged nutritious roots. The most widely grown root crops are vegetable crops used as human food. They are carrots, radishes, beets and others. Unlike cereals, they are biennials. The food collected by them the first year is stored up in their roots and used for producing seeds the second year.
IV. Forage Crops. These are the crops used as feed for animals in a fresh or preserved form. Forage crops including grasses, legumes and some other crops are cultivated and used for hay, pasture and silage. Most forage crops are perennials, that is2, they can live and produce seeds for many years in succession3.
V. Tuber Crops. The most important tuber crop cultivated throughout the world is potatoes. A tuber is not a root, it is a short thickened underground stem. Like root crops tubers are biennials, but people grow them as annuals.
VI. Fibre crops. As the name shows, these crops are grown for their fibre which is used in making clothes or for different purposes in industry. Almost all fibre crops produce seed containing valuable oil used either as human food or as industrial material. Of the fibre crops cotton, flax and hemp are of greatest importance for man.
Some other groups of field crops can be named, such as sugar crops, drug crops, oil crops, etc.
Notes to the text
1. green manure crop – культура на зеленое удобрение, сидеральная культура;
2. that is – то есть;
3. in succession – подряд.
4.
REMEMBER!
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| FOR | |
| предлог | союз |
| для; в течение | так как (часто после запятой) |
Grammar and vocabulary activities
5. Identify the part of speech the following words belong to and give their Russian equivalents without a dictionary:
1. to form, a form, formal, formally, formation, forming, formed;
2. to select, selected, selection, selective, selecting, selectively;
3. to depend, dependence, dependent, independence, independent, depending, depended, independently.