1086 - Domesday Book - 2 million people in England.

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18^th с - Great Britain (England , Wales , Scotland) - 6.5 million people.

1901 - Great Britain and Ireland (united) - 38.2 million people

Data of the Census 2001 in the UK: UK - 59.8 million people England - 50 million people (84%) Scotland - 5 million people (8%) Wales - 3 million people (5%) Northern Ireland - 1.8 (3%)

Data of the Census 2011: UK = 63.7 million people; people England - 53 million people (84%) Scotland – 5.2 million people (8.4%) Wales – 3.06 million people (4.8%) Northern Ireland - 1.81 (2.9%)

Since 1951 the population has grown by 17% (small growth). The UK is the 18^th in the world in terms of population size.

Details:

(aging nation - the number of elderly people surpasses that of children)

NB1! The UK’s population is considered to be ageing one, as 10 million people are over 65 years old. It’s is projected that the population will continue to grow old and the number of those aged over 80 years will increase. There are currently three million people aged more than 80 years and this is projected to almost double by 2030 and reaches eight million by 2050.

The reasons for the current structure of the UK’s population lie in a) the “baby boom” of 1960s and b) increased longevity. It is estimated that live expectancy for both man and women will increase to 91-95 years by 2030.

The rapidly aging population is sure to cause problems: a) more elderly people would require healthcare help, so the average value of the NHS service would increase considerably; b)the working people would have to provide pensions for them as there would be 2.8 people of working age for every person of pensionable age by 2033; c) the government would have to provide retired people with some social programmes and other benefits, this would surely affect the state budget.

education :

¨ secondary education - 89% post-secondary education - 4.8% bachelor's degree - 4.9% higher degrees - 0.6%

1. –Other Christian denominations:

P Roman Catholics - 21 %

P Anglicans (England) - 20%

P Presbyterians (Scotland)- 14%

P Methodists (Wales) - 5%

P Baptists - 3%

P Northern Ireland: Protestants - 60%, Catholics - 40%

NB2! Although the Census 2001 also recorded 390,000 Jedi Knights, making Jedi ( джедай ) the fourth-largest "religion" in the UK, this does not confer them any official recognition. In fact, all returns with "Jedi Knight" were classified as "No religion", along with Atheist, Agnostic, Heathen (= Pagan - язычник) and those who ticked "Other" but did not write in any religion.

An Office for National Statistics survey of 450,000 Britons in 2010 found that 71% are Christian, 4% are Muslim and 21% have no religious affiliation.

Ethnic Composition

Census 2001

White people - 91% (British + Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, etc. (immigrants from Europe))

Ethnic minorities - 9%:

þ Caribbean and African black people;

þ Indians;

þ Pakistanis and Bangladeshis;

Other immigrants from the former colonies of the British Empire and other Asian countries. The minorities bring their languages (Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Cantonese, etc.) and culture (cuisine, folklore, crafts, dances, music, etc.) with them => restaurants, festival, exhibitions, etc.

Census 2011

White people – 87.1%

Ethnic minorities - 10%

Immigration:

Internal migration - from Wales, Scotland, Ireland to England. The population in the southern areas (England, London (satellite towns, e.g. Greater London)) continues to grow, in the northern - declines.

Before the Second World War - immigration from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. Late 1930s - immigration of the Jews and Poles (as a result of fascist persecutions). After 1960s - immigration from the poorer Commonwealth countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc.).

Linguistic Situation UK:

English is the national and the official language of the UK. It belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, Germanic group of language, West Germanic subgroup (together with German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian, Luxembourgish and Yiddish). It is spoken by 95% of the population as the primary tongue.

In March, 2001 the UK ratified the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages which means that it agreed to support indigenous minority languages (the Celtic Languages of the British Isles) and allows the immigrants to use their native languages (Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Cantonese, etc.) as well as English.

Scotland:

Scotch Gaelic belongs to the Celtic group of languages and is spoken by 70 000 people mainly in the Hebrides. It is promoted in schools and on the radio.

Wales:

Welsh belongs to the Celtic group of languages. 20% of the population of Wales are able to communicate in Welsh. In the rural areas it remains the 1^st and the only language spoken.

The Welsh Language Act (1993) provides for the equal position of the Welsh and English languages in Wales.

The Welsh Language Board is a group of people who promote the use of Welsh:

¥ Welsh is used on TV, radio and in newspapers;

¥ Welsh is taught to all children at school;

¥ Road signs in Wales are bilingual;

¥ Welsh can be used for business and in court.

Northern Ireland:

Irish Gaelic belongs to the Celtic group of languages. 142 000 people in Northern Ireland are able to communicate in Irish. It is promoted in such key areas as education, justice, public services, media and cultural policies.

Cornwall:

Cornish, a Brythonic Celtic language closely related to Welsh, was the dominant language of Cornwall throughout the Middle Ages. It appears to have died out as a community language in the far west of Cornwall in the late 18th century. Today it is spoken to some extent by roughly 3500 people in small minorities of speakers in Plymouth, London, and South Wales. Since 2002 the Cornish language has been recognized by the United Kingdom government as a UK official minority language.

Immigrant languages:

Alongside with these languages the immigrants tend to speak their mother tongues within their communities. Communities migrating to the UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 100 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's school children. Thus, 2011 Census data shows that 107 languages are spoken throughout London (53 main languages and 54 variants of established languages), with Polish the most common language spoken after English.

Some Immigrant Languages