British Transport.
The easy movement of goods and people is an essential feature of a modern industrialized country, such as the United Kingdom. Agricultural and industrial products must be moved to markets and ports, just as raw materials and labour must be transported to the factories. Within Britain, these functions are carried out by a complex transport system that has developed slowly over several centuries.
Before the 17th century there was little need for rapid communication, because most local areas were relatively self-sufficient in raw materials for industry. But regional specialization and increased industrial output that resulted from the Industrial Revolution demanded more suitable means of transport than had existed previously. Economic interchange between different parts of the country became essential to the development of the country, and new models of transport evolved to meet these needs: the railway and the canal.
Today, as in the recent past emphasis is placed not only upon ease of communications, but also on speed of communications. This has been achieved not only by the use of freight aircraft, but the development of high speed motorways.
In the Middle Ages, river transport played a major role in the British internal transport system, because all the large towns of the time were situated on navigable rivers. Moreover, the quality of roads was so bad that attention was turned to river navigation. This emphasis on water transport was increased during the great period of canal construction during the latter part of the 18th century. By 1830 there were about 10,000 kilometers of canals and "improved" rivers in Britain. However, river navigation suffered from a number of problems including silting, summer drought and the fact that a number of industrial areas, including Birmingham, were not on navigable rivers. The construction of the railways after 1830 meant the gradual decline of waterways, many canals were no longer used for commercial traffic, but for pleasure boating.
Coastal shipping has also changed within the last century. Once it was the most important form of transport to move coal from North-East England to London, but now most coastal shipping is passenger-carrying. Links are maintained with many of the offshore islands, particularly in Scotland, by regular passenger ferries which may also carry freight.
The impetus for the development of railway communications came from the expanding coal trade of the early 19th century. Railways were speedier, in many respects more flexible and also were a more convenient means of transporting goods to and from the ports in foreign trade, or exporting ports. Most of the early railways were all built to link coalfields with expanding industrial areas. The first public railway, between Stockton and Darlington, was opened in 1825, in northern England.
As industrialization continued the canals were found inadequate to cope with the volume of traffic and railways were built to cope with the problem. Gradually railways took the place of the canals, and towns grew up and developed at railway junctions and along the main lines. Railways were becoming efficient carriers of passengers, either those travelling on business or on holiday. By the middle of the 19th century through rail links had been established between the major cities and towns of Britain - London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, York, Leeds, Newcastle, Brighton, Southampton, Exeter, Bristol.
During the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century the railways were the principal carriers of both freight and passengers. But the invention of the internal combustion engine introduced a rival means of transport - an automobile.
As roads were improved, and motor vehicles became faster, more reliable and more numerous, with the advantage of door-to-door delivery, many railway lines lost traffic and became uneconomic to run. On the longer internal routes, the railways lost passengers to civil airlines. All through the present century they have faced increasing competition from road transport. This has resulted in a decline in the importance of the railways and the closure of many lines and stations. Some of these closures were the inevitable consequence of the way in which the railways were built. For example, during the boom years rival companies built many competing parallel lines between the major cities and, as traffic declined, some of these lines became seriously underused. Such lines were closed.
The pattern of roads in Britain still bears traces of the Roman road network, although the modern network is really a product of the last two centuries. This road system was quite unplanned. Built, in the first place, to link settlements, such roads formed long distance links, which were not the most direct or the most efficient. The real importance of the road system did not emerge until the early 20th century, when the invention of the motor-car created a revolution in industrial transport.
Modern methods of evaluating road requirements for the future have been developed by government planners and a system of motorways linking many parts of Britain was begun in the late 1950s. The development of the fast roads together with the increasing use of large container lorries has meant a rapid rise in road freight transport. More motor vehicles for passengers and lorries direct from the continent began to appear on British roads.
However, many of Britain's roads are not suited to cope with the current volume of traffic. Most of them were designed to handle horse-drawn traffic and are inadequate for modern motor vehicles, especially modern lorries. The increased motor traffic has tended to produce congestion, particularly in towns and cities where several roads may converge, and where congestion has become a daily nightmare for drivers, pedestrians and inhabitants alike.
Overseas communications are inseparable from Britain's trade which is handled at a number of ports. Most of these ports have been involved in trade for several hundred years.
Great Britain has a long tradition as a maritime and trading nation. The country has never been entirely self-sufficient in foodstuffs and raw materials, and must rely on other countries to provide these commodites. In order to pay for these goods Britain must export her manufactured goods to other countries throughout the world. By the end of the 19th century dependence on trade had become so great that Britain was conducting more than one-third of world trade in manufactured goods. Although Britain's share of world trade has declined greatly since that time, on account of competition from other countries, she remains one of the leading commercial nations of the world.
The majority of Britain's ports are situated in the mouths, wide estuaries of rivers. Of great importance for the port activity are tides, when the rising water reaches its maximum mark (high tide). For example, in the port of London during the high tide the water rises to the level of 6 m, in Liverpool - 8.5m, in Bristol - 10m. Due to the high tides many towns which are situated dozens of kilometres from the coast have become sea ports (London - 64km from the coast, Glasgow - 35, Hull -32, etc.). The introduction of container traffic has led to an enormous reduction in the amount of time spent loading and unloading ships.
Although the largest British ports serve a variety of purposes, many ports concentrate on one particular activity.
1) The largest ports handling ocean freight trade are London, Liverpool, Hull, Southampton, Glasgow, Bristol.
2) The principal ocean-passenger ports are Southampton, London (Tilbury) and Liverpool.
The principal ferry-passenger ports for communications with Europe are Harwich, Dover, Folkestone, Newhaven and Southampton.
4) The most important fishing ports are Hull, Grimsby, Lowestoft, Fleetwood and Aberdeen.
5) Specialized naval ports include Portsmouth and Plymouth.
6) The development of the North Sea oil has given rise to new ports, or oil ports, through which the main traffic of this product passes: Tees, Forth ports, Flotta in Orkney and Sullom Voe in Shetland.
The most striking development in the field of transport in recent years has been the growth of air traffic. It handles both freight and passengers to whom speed is more important than cost. The number of people who travel by air has increased at a very fast rate. Practically all major cities and towns of Britain are served by regular daily flights.
London is served by two chief airports - Heathrow and Gatwick. Heathrow airport handles about seventy-five per cent of all passenger traffic and sixty-five per cent of all freight passing through British airports. It is one of the largest and busiest airports in the world for international travel. It covers an area of more than twenty square kilometres.
Of all airlines operating in the United Kingdom, British Airways is one of the world's leading airlines, and in terms of the passengers carried it is the largest in the world.
Theme “Flora and Fauna”
General Overlook.
The fact that Great Britain has such a small area means that the number of species that can evolve is severely limited because there is not enough land mass to support extensive animal diversity. The environment and the ecology is also very young due to the appearance of an Ice Age, which means that there has been much less time for such diversity to develop.
In most of Great Britain there is a temperate climate which receives high levels of precipitation (выпадение осадков) and medium levels of sunlight. Further northwards, the climate becomes colder and coniferous (хвойный) forests appear replacing the largely deciduous (лиственный) forests of the south.
The seasonal changes that occur across the country mean that plants have to cope with many changes linked to levels of sunlight, and this has led to a lack of plant diversity. Ultimately this has limited animal speciation and diversification because there are fewer edible types of vegetation in the habitats found on the island.
Since the mid eighteenth century, Great Britain has gone through industrialization and increasing urbanization. Statistics suggests that 100 species have become extinct in the UK during the 20th century. This has had a major impact on local animal populations. Song birds in particular are becoming more scarce and habitat loss has affected larger mammalian species.
Some species have however adapted to the expanding urban environment, particularly the Red Fox, which is the most successful urban mammal after the Brown Rat.
Animal and plant world.
With its mild climate and varied soils, the United Kingdom has a diverse pattern of natural vegetation. Originally, oak forests probably covered the lowland, except for the fens and marsh areas, while pine forests and patches of moorland covered the higher or sandy ground. Over the centuries, much of the forest area, especially on the lowlands, was cleared for cultivation. Today only about 9% of the total surface is wooded. Fairly extensive forests remain in east and north Scotland and in southeast England.
P 
Oak
P Elm are the most common trees in England
P Ash
P Beech
Pine and birch are most common in Scotland. Almost all the lowland outside the industrial centers is farmland, with a varied seminatural vegetation of grasses and flowering plants. Wild vegetation consists of the natural flora of woods, fens and marshes, cliffs, chalk downs, and mountain slopes, the most widespread being the heather, grasses, gorse, and bracken of the moorlands.
The fauna is similar to that of northwestern continental Europe, although there are fewer species.
ö Some of the larger mammals
õ 
Wolf
õ Bear are extinct
õ Boar
õ Reindeer
ö But red and roe deer are protected for sport.
ö Common smaller mammals are foxes, hares, hedgehogs, rabbits, weasels, stoats, shrews, rats, and mice; otters are found in many rivers, and seals frequently appear along the coast.
ò There are few reptiles and amphibians.
ó Roughly 230 species of birds reside in the United Kingdom, and another 200 are migratory.
Most numerous are
ÿ chaffinch
ÿ blackbird
ÿ sparrow
ÿ starling
The number of large birds is declining, however, except for game birds — pheasant, partridge, and red grouse — which are protected. With the reclamation of the marshlands, waterfowl are moving to the many bird sanctuaries. The rivers and lakes abound in
ô Salmon
ô Trout
ô Perch
ô Pike
There are more than 21,000 species of insects
Lecture 1 Introduction
Topic: Symbols, National Holidays of the UK
Warming-up: Associations
v What comes to your mind when you hear the word “Great Britain”?
Brainstorming: How much do you know?
ü 
What is the official name of GB?
ü How many countries are included into GB?
ü How do you call the national flag of GB?
ü Are all flags of 4 countries included into the Union Jack? Which isn’t?
ü
|
What are the names of the flags?
ü What are the national flowery symbols?
Fill in the chart:
| Country | Capital | Flag | Patron saint | Flower/ musical instrument | National Holiday |
| England (Albion) | London | St. George’s Cross
| St. George | red rose | 23d April |
| Scotland | Edinburgh | St. Andrew’s Cross
Lion Rampant
| St. Andrew | thistle bagpipe | 30th November |
| Wales | Cardiff | Dragon of Cadwallader
| St. David | daffodil leek harp | 1st March |
| Northern Ireland (Ulster) | Belfast | St. Patrick’s Cross
| St. Patrick | shamrock harp | 17th March |
| The Republic of Ireland (Eire) | Dublin |
| - | - | - |
Country’s Official Name
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Abbreviations The UK
The United Kingdom
Great Britain
GB