Practical lessons in technology of the profession
The 9th of November.
Practical lessons in technology of the profession
Практические занятия по технологии моей профессии
Task 1. Read and write these phrases (напишите новые слова и словосочетания):
at once – одновременно;
to depend upon – зависеть от;
interchangeability of smth – взаимозаменяемость чего-либо;
modular design – блочная конструкция (модульное проектирование);
to classify according smth – классифицировать согласно чему-то;
a minimum of materials – минимальное использование материалов;
to protect smb from smth – защищать кого-то от чего-то;
the methods by which – методы, с помощью которых;
at lower cost – при наименьших затратах;
carefully think of smth – тщательно продумывать что-то;
in order to do smth – для того, чтобы сделать что-то;
to form from – производить из.
Task 2 . R e a d th e te x t a n d g e t r e a d y t o s p e a k a b o u t t h e t y pe s o f b u i l d i n gs ( Устно ) :
TYPES OF B UILDINGS
Types of buildings depend upon social functions and may be classified according to the role in the Community. The types of buildings may be domestic, educational, office, industrial, recreational, etc. The common and necessary conditions are:
a) its suitability to use by human beings in general and its adaptability to particular human activities;
b) the stability and permanence of its construction.
Speaking of residential construction we must say that the apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions. Group housing provides home for many families and is at once public and private. The techniques of construction or the methods by which structures are formed from particular materials are influenced not only by the availability and character of materials but also by the total technological development of society.
The evolution of techniques is conditioned by two factors:
1) one is economic – the search for a maximum of stability and durability in building with a minimum of materials, labor and time;
2) the other is expressive – the desire to produce meaningful form. Large housing programs have tended to stimulate technological change in the building industry. Modular design (i.e. design in which the elements are dimensioned in combinations of a fixed unit) has led to standardization of elements, interchangeability of parts and increased possibilities for mass production, with resultant economies. Entire apartment assemblages are available and are being used to an increasing extent. These techniques aim at a higher output of better structures at lower cost. The high degree of mechanization and standardization is successfully achieved by reinforced concrete blocks and units. Reinforced concrete homes are produced by a variety of construction methods. Various methods of constructing reinforced concrete houses involve extensive use of large sections manufactured in heavily mechanized factories and erected at the site.
In order to build a house first an excavation is dug by bulldozers. Then a foundation is laid to carry the load of a structure and to keep the walls and the floors from the contact with soil. Floors divide a building into stories and carry the loads too. The upper part of a structure is a roof; it ties a building, gives the firmness to the structure and protects people from rain, wind, snow, etc. Doors, windows, stairs, lifts are integral elements of a building and they are always precast or prefabricated.
When a structure is ready builders start to decorate it. When decoration work is over a building is considered to be finished. The built-in space of an apartment should be carefully thought of as well. There is a consider-able trend toward built-in furniture. Rooms should be both efficient and visually satisfying. The extent of built-in cabinets must be determined. Drawers and shelves can often be concealed behind walls, freeing valuable floor space.
Task 3. Answer the following questions:
1. What do types of buildings depend upon?
2. In what way may be they classified?
3. What are the common and necessary conditions?
4. What is the function of group housing?
5. What methods are used to produce reinforced concrete homes?
6. What is the upper part of a structure?
7. Who starts to decorate the structure?
8. When is a building considered to be finished?
HOMEWORK: to learn new words, to perform exercises
Agree or disagree with the following statements ( согласны или не согласны ):
1. Types of buildings may be classified according to a special rule.
2. One of the necessary conditions of a building is its adaptability to particular human activities. 3. The apartment houses are mostly built to suit people who live in them.
4. The techniques of construction are influenced only by the availability and character of materials.
6. Modular design is of no use in our country.
7. In order to build a house it is necessary to have a project.
8. Floors are used for a flat to be warm.
9. Roofs protect people from cold.
10. Rooms should be both efficient and adaptable for living in them.