Realms of Engineering
Traditionally, engineering activities have been grouped into certain areas of specialization. These originated as civil and military engineering, catering to man's early needs. Scientific discoveries and their development gave birth to a variety of fields of application such as mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering. Today the rapid rise of technology is bringing the adequacy of even these widely accepted designations into question in describing specialist areas within engineering. Several of the more commonly accepted categories are described below.
Aerospace Engineering combines two fields, aeronautical and astronautical engineering. The former is concerned with the aerodynamics, structure, and propulsion of vehicles designed for flight in the Earth's atmosphere. The latter relates to flight above the Earth's atmosphere and involves the design of rockets and space vehicles incorporating sophisticated propulsion, guidance, and life support systems.
The days when one man drew his design in chalk on the floor and then proceeded to build it are long past. Today large teams of engineers are needed to cope with the complexity of modern flight vehicles. The design of an aircraft involves a multitude of specialty areas such as stress analysis, control surface theory, aircraft stability, vibration, production techniques and flight testing.
Agricultural Engineering is one of the earliest forms of engineering practiced by man. It uses agricultural machinery, irrigation, and surveying and deals with the many associated problems of crop raising and animal husbandry. Not only are the fundamental engineering subjects such as hydraulics, metallurgy, and structures of importance, but soil conservation, biology, and zoology are also necessary components. It is here that machines interface with the animal and plant kingdoms. Challenging problems occur in areas such as land reclamation and efficient utilization, and improved methods of food production and harvesting.
Chemical Engineering encompasses the broad field of raw material and food processing and the operation of associated facilities. It is mainly involved with the manufacture and properties of materials such as fuels, plastics, rubber, explosives, paints, and cleaners. The chemical engineer is well grounded in both basic and engineering chemistry and, apart from the production of special materials, may be involved in such areas as combustion, recycling of waste products, and air and water pollution.
Civil Engineering is one of the oldest branches of the engineering profession. It covers a wide field, and many subsidiary branches have grown from it. The civil engineer is mainly employed in the creation of structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, highways, harbors, and tunnels. He is usually knowledgeable in hydraulics, structures, building materials, surveying, and soil mechanics. One important area comprises water supply, drainage, and sewage disposal. More than any other branch of engineering, the results of the civil engineer's efforts are the most visible in a permanent form.
Electrical Engineering, in general, deals with the creation, storage, transmission, and utilization of electrical energy and information. Most of its activities may be identified with power or communications. Electrical engineering is of recent origin, dating back only to the eighteenth century, when electrical phenomena were first subjected to scientific scrutiny. After this, useful applications were quickly identified. Today, the impact of a power failure graphically illustrates our dependence on electrical power. The field encompasses information systems, computer technology, energy conversion, automatic control, instrumentation, and many other specialties.
Industrial Engineering is mainly concerned with the manufacture of useful commodities from raw materials. Since most of the other engineering fields have a bearing on this activity, the industrial engineer requires a particularly broad view. The management of men, materials, machines, and money are all within his endeavor in achieving effective production. Plant layout, automation, work methods, and quality control are included, and, more than in most of the other traditional branches of engineering, the industrial engineer needs to have some grounding in psychology and dealing with personnel.
Mechanical Engineering develops machines for the generation and utilization of power. Mechanical engineers design turbines, engines, pumps, and their ancillary mechanisms and structures. Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, transportation, manufacturing, and vibration are some areas falling within their domain. The art of mechanical engineering dates back to the labor-saving devices and military machines of ancient times, but it received its greatest boost in the eighteenth century with the invention of the steam engine and industrial machinery, which marked the onset of the industrial revolution.
Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, the production and use of metals, has two distinct branches. One deals with the location, extraction, and treatment of ores to obtain base metals, and the other with the transformation of these metals into useful forms and with the study of techniques for improving their performance in specific applications. The study of ceramics is often included in this field. Special topics range all the way from materials that may be used with living tissue to the development of composites for high-temperature applications such as in the heat shields used for satellite reentry.
In addition to the fields identified above, other categories of engineering are often encountered. These include architectural, ceramic, geological, naval and marine, nuclear, petroleum, sanitary, and textile engineering.
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Module III
Job-hunting
Unit 10
Finding a Job
Discuss the following:
1. Have you ever applied for a job?
2. What sort of job would you like to have in future?
Vocabulary
1. advertisement (n) [әd´vî:tısmәnt] реклама
2. advisory service (n) [әd´vaızәri] консультативная служба
3. applicant (n) [´æplıkәnt] тот, кто подает заявление,
претендент
application (n) [‚æplı´keı∫n] заявление, заявка;
применение
4. appointment (n) назначение; должность;
встреча
5. cancel (v) [kænsl] отменять
6. counselor (n) [´ka|ns(ә)lә] советник
7. deal with (v) иметь дело с чем-то
8. employment (n) [ım´pléımәnt] работа по найму,
занятость;
наем работников
employee (n) [ım´pléıi:, ‚empléı´i:] рабочий, служащий
employer (n) [ım´pléıә] работодатель
9. fee (n) гонорар, жалование
10. form (n) бланк
application form (n) бланк заявления
11. pay (n, v) выплата, зарплата; платить
12. impression (n) впечатление
13. insurance (n) [ın´∫|әrәns] страховка
14. job (n) работа
15. keep (v) держать, хранить
16. non-profit (adj) некоммерческий
17. notify (v) [´nә|tı‚faı] извещать
18. obtain (v) получать, добиваться
19. require (v) [rı´kwaıә] требовать,
нуждаться в чем-то
20. salary (n) [´sælәri] жалование, оклад
21. trade union (n) [´ju:njәn] профсоюз
10.1. Read the words and guess their meaning.
| career [kә´rıә] agency [´eıdž(ә)nsı] interview [´ıntә‚vju:] | private [´praıvәt] classified [´klæsı‚faıd] company [´kšmpәnı] |
10.2. Match the words with their definitions.
| 1. employer 2. employee 3. salary 4. applicant 5. application | a) a written request for a job or a place at a college, university etc. b) someone who applies for something, such as a job c) someone who is paid regularly to work for a person or an organization d) a fixed amount of money you earn from your job e) a person, company or organization that pays someone to work for them |
10.3. Match the words to make phrases.
| 1. interview 2. employment 3. high-salaried 4. classified 5. to make 6. 10 minutes 7. possible 8. to be 9. to receive 10. application 11. to cancel | a) advertisement b) techniques c) on time d) a fee e) agency f) employer g) form h) an appointment i) late j) job k) services |
10.4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
appointments applicant job-hunting jobs employer
1. Some employment agencies receive fees for finding _____.
2. You may use an employment agency when you are _____.
3. _____ are necessary in some agencies.
4. _____ should be on time for the appointment.
5. Your being late for the interview makes a negative impression on
the _____.
10.5. Discuss with a partner the following:
1. Where do people get information about job vacancies?
2. How do employers choose employees?
10.6. Read the text and choose the appropriate title.
a) Employment agencies
b) Finding a job
c) A job interview
d) Applicants and employers
In Britain there is a special service for school leavers, the Careers Advisory Service, which helps young people who are looking for their first job. Careers Officers give practical advice on interview techniques, application forms, letters, pay, National Insurance and Trade Unions.
One business organization that you may use when you are job-hunting is an employment agency. There are the state employment services and non-profit agencies that do not receive fees for finding jobs for people. There also exist some private employment agencies which receive a fee. Some employment agencies see applicants without an appointment. These include the state employment services and non-profit agencies. Counsellors there may spend a few minutes with each applicant.
But an agency that deals with technical and higher-salaried jobs, spends much more time with each applicant. Appointments are necessary in this type of agency, where a counsellor may be able to see only a few applicants a day.
An interview for any kind of job, whether the interview is obtained through a friend, classified advertisement, or agency, generally requires an appointment. It is important to be on time for your appointment. If you have made an appointment and cannot keep it, or if you are more than ten
minutes late, you should always call the interviewer. If you do not cancel the appointment or notify the interviewer that you will be late, you will create a negative impression on your possible employer.
10.7. Choose the correct ending for the sentences below.
1. In Britain the Careers Advisory Service _____
a) helps the government choose the best employees.
b) writes classified advertisements for employers.
c) helps young people get a job.
d) makes appointments for applicants.
2. State employment services _____
a) deal with higher-salaried jobs.
b) receive a fee for finding jobs.
c) may be able to see only a few applicants a day.
d) generally spend a few minutes with each applicant.
3. If you cannot keep an appointment, you should _____
a) notify the interviewer.
b) create a negative impression on the interviewer.
c) demand to cancel the interview.
d) spend much more time with your possible employer.
4. Agencies dealing with well-paid jobs _____
a) pay much attention to their applicants.
b) see applicants without an appointment.
c) do not receive fees for finding jobs.
d) are a special service for school leavers.
10.8. Answer the questions.
1. What service helps school-leavers find a job?
2. What business organizations help people in job hunting?
3. Does one pay to get help from such organizations?
4. Should applicants make an appointment?
5. What agencies spend more time with their applicants?
6. If an applicant is late for the interview, what should they do?
7. Why is it important to notify the interviewer that the applicant cannot come on time?
10.9. Translate into English.
1. Если вы ищете работу, вы можете воспользоваться услугами бюро по трудоустройству.
2. Существует два типа бюро по трудоустройству: государственные, не получающие плату за свои услуги, и частные, чьи услуги оплачиваются.
3. Не ждите, что вам уделят много внимания в государственном бюро по трудоустройству.
4. Вы можете узнать о вакансии от друзей, из объявления в газете, помещенного в специальной рубрике, или в бюро по трудоустройству.
5. Чтобы произвести благоприятное впечатление на потенциального работодателя, вы должны прийти на собеседование вовремя.
6. Если вы знаете, что опоздаете на собеседование, следует предупредить того, кто будет его проводить.
10.10. Discuss with a partner the following:
Your friend wants to find a part-time job. What can you advise him / her to do?
10.11. Use the questions of 10.8 as a plan for a short report on employment agencies in Britain.
10.12. How do people find jobs in Russia or any other country you know well (about 50 words)?
Unit 11
Making a Choice
Vocabulary
1. ability (n) [ә´bılәti] способность, умение
2. accelerator (n) [әk´selә‚reıtә] ускоритель
3. annual (adj) [´ænj|әl] ежегодный
4. attraction (n) притяжение, привлекательность
5. available (adj) [ә´veılәbl] наличный, доступный
6. choice (n) [t∫éıs] выбор
7. citizen (n) [´sıtızn] горожанин, гражданин
8. compare (v) [kә´mpeә] сравнивать
9. desirable (adj) [dı´zaırәbl] желательный
10. duty (n) обязанность
11. earn (v) [î:n] зарабатывать
earnings (n) заработок
12. effort (n) [´efәt] усилие
13. emphasis (n) [´emfәsıs] подчеркивание, выделение
14. encourage (v) [ın´kšrıdž] одобрять, поощрять
15. film (n) фильм; пленка
16. team (n) команда
17. guide (n) [gaıd] экскурсовод; руководство;
путеводитель
18. manual (adj) [´mænj|әl] ручной; физический (о труде)
19. measure (v) [´mežә] измерять
measurement (n) измерение, замер
20. novel (adj) [nãvl] новый, новейшей конструкции
21. opportunity (n) [‚ãpә´tju:nәti] удобный случай, благоприятная
возможность
22. property (n) [´prãpәti] собственность; свойство
23. range (n) серия, сфера
24. recruit (v) [rık´ru:t] вербовать
25. related (adj) связанный, родственный
26. superconducting (adj) сверхпроводящий
27. waiter (n) официант
11.1. Read the words and guess their meaning.
| aerospace [´eәrә|‚speıs] position [pә´zı∫n] résumé [´rezju:meı] metrology [me´trãlәdži] colleague [´kãli:g] group [gru:p] | avenue [´ævә‚nju:] aviation [‚eıvi´eı∫n] division [dı´vıžn] administration [әd‚mını´streı∫n] to create [krı´eıt] business [´bıznәs] |
11.2. What sort of engineering job would you like to do in the future? What are the attractions of the job? Compare your answers with other students in your group.
11.3. What are the most important aspects of a job? Rank the following 1-17 and compare your list with your partner’s. Begin with the most important. Explain why.
Ø A good salary
Ø Nice colleagues
Ø An indoor job
Ø Working with a group of people
Ø To solve challenging problems
Ø To be able to travel
Ø To create something
Ø Helping other people
Ø To do business
Ø Security
Ø A lot of responsibility
Ø Teaching/guiding other people
Ø Working with young people
Ø Working with old people
Ø A lot of freedom
Ø Manual work
Ø Working on your own
11.4. If you were living in Britain, which of these jobs would you apply for? Write why.
Job Vacancies
Au-pair wanted
Au-pair1/domestic help, live in, to look after two small children, some housework, 35 hrs per week2, room, food and tube pass3 incl.4, £20 per week, friendly atmosphere. Write or phone: Mrs Griebling 43 Saunders St., London NW6 7PB.Tel:0171 638 2897
Part-time Work
Newly opened restaurant in Chelsea5 requires waiters/waitresses. Any nationality welcome. Good earnings. Part-time work available. For more info6 write or phone: Maurizio’s, 10 Sloane Sq., London. Tel: 0171 786 4325
FAA needs aerospace engineers
The FAA’s Aircraft Engineering Division7 is seeking Aerospace Engineers with experience in the technical specialty area of Avionics Systems for positions in Washington DC. Demonstrated ability to work effectively in team efforts to solve technical problems is required. We are currently recruiting for several positions from the beginning engineer to the experienced engineer, salary range $31,397 to $101,742. Candidates for these positions must have engineering degrees. To learn more about these FAA job opportunities, visit the FAA website at http://jobs.faa.gov. If you are a U.S. Citizen, send your rsum to:
Federal Aviation Administration,
Aircraft Engineering Division
800 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20591
Attn: AHP–500, Paula Chandler
Nanometrics, Milpitas, CA seeking
Applications scientists. MS/BS or equiv. & rel. work exp.8 Duties include: performing precise measurement of very thin film properties of materials through automated computer controlled high-tech metrology equipment. Must be willing to travel & relocate as reqd. Fwd rsum: 1550 Buckeye Drive, Milpitas, CA 95035-7418.