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II . Ответьте (письменно) на следующие вопросы к тексту.

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ВАРИАНТ 1

David Ricardo

David Ricardo is one of history’s most influential economists.

Born in England, Ricardo made a fortune on the London Stock Exchange. This wealth gave him the time to write and to be a member in the House of Commons. His most famous work, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817) marked him as the greatest spokesman for classical economics since Adam Smith.

Ricardo is especially famous in international economics for demonstrating the advantages of free trade. Free trade is a policy in which tariffs and other barriers to trade between nations disappear. To prove his point, Ricardo developed a concept we now call the principle of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage enabled him to demonstrate that one nation might profitably import goods from another even though the importing country could produce that item cheaper than the exporter.

As a Member of Parliament, Ricardo pressed the government to abandon its traditional protection policy. Though he could not achieve that goal during his life, his efforts bore fruit in 1840s when England became the first industrial power to adopt a policy of free trade. There followed 700 years of economic growth during which the nation became the world’s wealthiest industrial power.

I . Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

II . Ответьте (письменно) на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. How did Ricardo get his wealth?

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2. Why is Ricardo famous in international economics?

3. What does free trade mean?

4. What enabled Ricardo to demonstrate the possibility of profitable import even if the country could produce that item itself?

5. When did England adopt a policy of free trade?

III . Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите на русский язык

1. Ricardo is especially famous in international economics.

2. In 1840 England became the first industrial power to adopt the policy of free trade.

3. Ricardo was serving in the House of Commons when he wrote his famous book.

I V . Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. In the free market individuals are allowed to produce goods and services without any government restrictions.

2. In a mixed economy the government may also be a producer of goods.

3. The government must be working at a scheme to stimulate domestic investment.

4. The government should define a minimum standard of living.

III . Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it , that , one .

1. One of the partners wishes to retire. It will lead to dissolving the partnership contract.

2. It is due to unlimited liability.

3. It is the corporation that has become the dominant business.

IV . Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be , to have , to do .

1. The obvious method by which a firm may acquire further capital is to form a partnership.

2. Since it has greater access to capital, it can achieve greater size.

3. Some limited companies have to be registered with the Register of Companies.

4. A company is managed by a Board of directors.

ВАРИАНТ 2

Alfred Marshall

Price Theory Pioneer

His textbook “Principles of economics” (1890), and the doctrines that it discussed, became the standard for teaching of that subject until well into 1940s. Marshall spent most of his adult life as a professor of economics at Cambridge University. His most famous pupil, John Maynard Keynes, described Marshall as “the greatest economist of the 19^th century”. Interestingly, Keynes went on to become the most influential economist of the 20^th century.

Marshall is best known for the order that he made out of the theories of the earlier “classical economists” like Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill. (Classical is the name given by modern economists to the theories of those whose views were most widely held during the 75 years following the publication of “The Wealth of Nations”).

In Marshall’s world, they could explain economic events in terms of the equilibrium market price resulting from the interaction of supply and demand. One of the Marshall’s lasting contributions was differentiating between supply and demand in the short run and the long run. Supply and demand could not function without each other, but they vary in importance in the long and short run. In the short run, the quantity of available goods is more or less fixed. Therefore it is the demand for those items that will be most influential in determining their price. In the long run the opposite is true. Both farmers and business can add to or reduce their production facilities as the needs dictate. In that way the supply side of the market becomes most influential in determining price.

Пояснения к тексту:

to be known for - быть известным

to be held - проводить(ся)

in the short run – в начале (производства)

in the long run – в конце (производства)

I . Перепишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.

II . Ответьте (письменно) на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. When did Marshall publish his book “Principles of Economics”?

2. Where did Marshall work most of his life?

3. What was Marshall’s greatest contribution?

4. Who was one of Marshall’s pupils?

5. When does the supply become the most influential in determining price?

III . Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите на русский язык.

1. Marshall’s textbook “Principles of Economics” became the standard for teaching of that subject until 1940s.

2. One of the contributions was differentiating between supply and demand in the short run and the long run.

3. The demand for these items will be the most influential in determining their price.

1. People are able to carry out the tasks of production and distribution.

2. A change in working procedures may be regarded as an offence against gods.

3. We can describe basic types of economic organization as traditional, market, command and mixed economies.

4. The most common way of solving economic problems must be based in tradition in traditional economy.

II I . Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов that , it , one .

1. It is not easy to run a large company if it is a sole proprietorship.

2. Sole proprietor is a business owned by one person.

3. Investing large amounts of capital single owners run great risk of losing it.

1. The sole proprietor has the sole rights to the profits.

2. The one-person business is more numerous than any other type of business organization.

3. Unsuccessful businessman has to sell his private assets to pay his business debts.

4. The owner does not enough capital for expansion.

В АРИАНТ 3

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