2. If the EPA's prediction comes true, what should the people living beside the sea do?
3. If the EPA's prediction comes true, what will the climatic conditions be in different regions of Russia?
HOMEWORK
{to be done in writing)
1. Translate into Russian.
1. People seem to realize the potential dangers of some scientific discoveries.
2. The majority of the people questioned in a public opinion poll do not doubt science to do more good than harm.
3. However, 70 per cent of those questioned accept that scientific discoveries can have dangerous effects.
4. Nuclear energy is considered to be a high-risk area by 70 per cent of the respondents (отвечающий), with biotechnology and genetic engineering the second most mentioned.
5. There seems to be really a serious gap (пробел) in communication between the public and scientists about the goings-on in modern biology.
6. In view of this concern, it is perhaps not surprising that most (84 per cent) of those questioned felt that scientists and technologists should pay more attention to the social implications of their work, with 76 per cent of respondents saying that politicians should know more about science.
2. Translate into English. Use the Complex Subject with the Infinitive.
Model: Конечно, все мы слишком хорошо знаем, что такое загрязнение окружающей среды.
АН of us are certain to know very well what environmental pollution is.
1. Он, говорят, работает в учреждении, связанном с охраной окружающей среды.
2. Ожидают, что он приедет в учреждение к 9 часам.
3. Вероятно, он ответит на ваши вопросы.
4. Мы, конечно, понимаем потенциальную угрозу вашему региону.
5. Полагаем, что ваша проблема будет решена.
Part II.
THE UNIVERSE PUZZLE
UNIT FOUR
GRAMMAR: FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
Инфинитив в функции определения стоит после определяемого существительного и выражае i'действие еще не реализованное, возможное или необходимое, которое подлежит осуществлению в будущем. На русский язык обычно переводится придаточным предложением, сказуемое которого имеет значение долженствования, будущего времени или возможности
The experiments to be made will help us a lot.
Эксперименты, которые необходимо провести, очень помогут нам.
Примечание: Инфинитив в функции определения, стоящий после слон: the first, the last, the next (the first to invent..., the last to use...), может не иметь модального оттенка и переводится глаголом в личной форме и том времени, и котором стоит сказуемое английского предложения.
Не was the first to come. — Он пришел первым.
Но
It was the first problem to be solved.
Это была первая проблема, которую необходимо было решить.
• Translate into Russian.
1. The information to be given in the next journal is of interest.
2. The subject to be dealt with is rather unexpected.
3. The data to be presented in the paper is quite reliable.
4. The investigation to be carried on is of great importance.
5. The scientific group to do the job is well prepared.
6. The results to be obtained can explain much in particle physics.
WORD AND PHRASE STUDY
V+ -ance/-ence = N emerge + -ence = emergence
• Think of verbs corresponding to the following nouns and translate them into Russian.
existence, coalescence, conductance, reference, difference, resistance, correspondence
READING (4A)
• First survey the block-scheme of the problem discussed in the passage 4A below.
The Universe
i
y
Problems I
Emergence of the Universe
Distribution of matter
Chemical composition
Life in the Universe
matter/energy -I
Hypotheses **.
I
Y
±L Big Bang i
Age characteristics I
Structure of cosmic systems
Superclustcrs
!
Y
clusters i
galaxies i
stellar systems I
stars/planets/ satellites
| time |
space
Investigation tools
— Telescopes i
X-ray astronomy i
Spectroscopy (red-shift law)
i
Radioastronomy
I
Y
Optical astronomy i
Sensitive detectors I
etc.
SUPERCLUSTERS AND VOIDS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES
Rcd-shifl surveys of selected regions ofthe sky have established the existence of at least three enormous superclusters of galaxies. The surveys also reveal that huge volumes of space are quite empty.
Astronomers and cosmologists are much preoccupied these days with explaining the emergence and distribution of aggregates of matter in the universe. I low soon after the big bang, the presumed explosion of the primordial atom some 10 to 20 billion years ago, did matter begin to coalesce into the stars and galaxies we see today? Assuming that matter was more or less evenly dispersed before coalescence began, is the universe on the grand scale uniformly populated today by stellar aggregates of one kind or another? Recent observations by several groups of astronomers arc helping to answer these questions. Large-scale surveys have verified the existence of superclusters of galaxies: organized structures composed of multiple clusters of galaxies. Each cluster, in turn, may consist of hundreds or thousands of individual galaxies. Although the existence of superclusters has long been conjectured, their confirmation has been accompanied by at least one major surprise: equally large regions of space contain no galaxies at all.
Superclusters arc so vast that individual membergalaxies moving at random velocities cannot have crossed more than a fraction of a supercluster's diameter in the billions of years since the galaxies came into being. Evidently, superclusters offer an insight into evolutionary history that is simply not obtainable with smaller systems. At scales smaller than those of superclusters the original distribution of matter is smeared out by evolutionary "mixing". Astronomers hope that an understanding ofthe largest structures in the universe will clarify the processes that give rise to structures of all dimensions, ranging downward from galaxies to stars and planets.
It is impossible to determine who first conceived the idea that clusters of galaxies might be members of still larger aggregates, namely superclusters. As one reads old technical papers on extragalactic astronomy one is struck by the similarities between the speculations of 50 years ago and the better-understood concepts of today. What our immediate predecessors lacked were the observational tools that have finally provided the evidence to substantiate some of the early speculations. Although observations in the X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared and radio regions ofthe electromagnetic spectrum have opened exciting new windows on the universe, it is fair to say that the most important information for cosmology has been collected by telescopes that gather visible and near-visible light.
by Stephen A. Gregory and Laird A. Thompson
'1 1 .. И. Ky|lHlllh,UH
33
» Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases.
исконное (первоначальное) ядро; в грандиозном масштабе; широкомасштабные обзорные наблюдения; сверхскоплении (сверхсистемы) честно говоря;... позволяют понять историю эволюции; процессы, которые порождают...; "большой взрыв".
• Get ready to answer these questions.
1. What problem docs the text deal with?
2. What is "big bang"?
3. When did it take place?