States of consciousness
states of consciousness – стани свідомості
altered state of consciousness – змінений стан свідомості
awareness – свідомість
hypnosis – гіпноз
hypnotic – гіпнотичний
clinical hypnosis – кліничний гіпноз
phase of quiet sleep – фаза спокійного сна
sleep disorders – порушення сна
nightmare – жахливий сон
insomnia – безсоння
sleepwalking – сноходіння
narcolepsy – нарколепсія
drug addiction – наркоманія
psychological dependence – психологічна залежність
to abuse – зловживати
to exaggerate – перебільшувати
to fall asleep – засинати
to repair the damage – відновлюватися
to adapt to the situation – пристосовуватися до ситуації
to modify perception – змінювати сприйняття
to cope with stress – впоратися зі стресом
to destroy personality – руйнівати особистість
HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis comes from the Greek word Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep.
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness characterized by increased suggestibility and associated with changes in thinking, perception and behaviour. There are no physiological changes: breathing, pulse, reflexes remain the same. Approximately 10% of people have very high hypnotic capacity. Children are good hypnotic subjects while older adults (60+) are poor subjects.
There are 4 steps used in hypnosis:
- The hypnotist makes the subject feel comfortable.
- The hypnotist tells the subject to concentrate on one specific thing.
- The hypnotist gives the subject suggestions about what to expect.
- The hypnotist suggests events that will happen.
Stage hypnosis is performed in entertainment places. It is conducted by non-professionals. Hypnotic behaviours in this context are exaggerated.
Clinical hypnosis is used by many clinical psychologists and psychiatrists in treating anxiety, phobias, depression. It is usually combined with other treatment.
Hypnosis may help smokers to quit and insomniacs to sleep. Some doctors use hypnosis to reduce the pain of medical procedures.
Experimental hypnosis is used by researchers to have a better understanding of perception, memory and learning.
SLEEP AND DREAMS
On the average sleep takes one-third of our lives. When you first fall asleep, you enter the phase of quiet sleep. The brain is inactive. This is the deepest sleep of the night. Then comes delta sleep, during which you switch from deep to light sleep. During this phase muscles get more blood and the body repairs any damage that is done during the day. The body fights infections, improves the immune system. REM (rapid eye-movement) is the period when you dream most vividly. The periods of REM last 30 minutes. REM is the brain sleep. At this stage your mind sorts what you learnt during the day and imprints it in your memory.
Two theories exist why we sleep. The first one is the repair theory: sleep repairs our brains and bodies. The second, ecological theory, says that sleep keeps us from wasting energy in the situation when we are not adapted.
Sleep is very important. “How you feel and behave tomorrow depends on how you sleep tonight”. But there are some sleep disorders: insomnia, sleepwalking, sleep talking, nightmares, narcolepsy.
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder when a person can not sleep.
A sleep disorder when individuals walk in their sleep is called sleepwalking.
A nightmare is a frightening dream that wakes up a sleeper from REM sleep.
Narcolepsy is sudden and very strong desire to sleep.
When we sleep we have dreams. Dreaming is a mental experience that occurs during sleep and consists of vivid images.
Historically, dreams had historical, personal, and religious importance. According to psychoanalysts, the sexual and aggressive dreams represent wish fulfillment. Freud said that we hide our wish fulfillment using symbols. The second opinion is that dreams represent thinking activities and attempts to solve problems.
Although some people say that they dream only in black and white, everyone’s dreams have colour.
DRUGS
Every human society knows some drugs that change people’s state of consciousness. Drugs can be everything from cigarettes and alcohol to heroin, opium, LSD and amphetamines. Drugs which can influence our state of consciousness are psychoactive drugs. All those drugs influence the nervous system and modify perception. Users of drugs may develop tolerance, psychological dependence, addiction.
We say that a user developed tolerance when he needs more and more drug to produce effect.
When users stop using a drug they feel great pain. When the body becomes physically dependent on a drug, this condition is called addiction.The psychological need to take a drug is called psychological dependence.
Some signs show that a person is taking drugs, for example, sudden changes of mood, aggression, loss of interest in hobbies or friends, loss of appetite, insomnia.
The most widely used drug in our society is alcohol. Alcohol is the substance most abused by adolescents and college students. Both genetic (heredity) and environmental factors can influence alcoholism.
What pushes people to take drugs? There are many reasons. Some people hope that they help relax and cope with the stress and problems. Some people have pressures at school, work, they feel frightened or frustrated. Others take drugs out of curiosity but often become addicted. Many people think that drugs are the way-out. However they don’t realize how dangerous they are. They destroy personality, lead to serious diseases, psychological disorders and death. Many drug addicts become criminals.
PERSONALITY
personality – особистість
individuality – індивідуальність
pattern of behaviour – модель поведінки
personal identity – самовизначення
trait – риса
attitude – ставлення
self-actualization – самоактуалізація
self-evaluation, self-esteem – самооцінка
character – характер
disposition – схильність, настрій
need – потреба
motivation – мотивація
hierarchy of motives – ієрархія мотивів
desire – бажання
genetic factors – генетичні фактори
superego – суперего
childhood experiences – дитячий досвід
Oedipus complex – Едипів комплекс
defense mechanism – захисний механізм
inferiority complex – комплекс неповноцінності
emotional stability – емоційна стабільність
extroversion – ектроверсія
introversion – інтроверсія
affiliation – потреба у дружніх стосунках
to feel anxiety – відчувати тривогу
to realize the human potential – реалізувати потенціал
to live in harmony – жити в гармонії
to determine – визначати
to be dissatisfied – бути незадоволеним