Russian nuclear icebreakers.
A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a nuclear-powered marine vessel built specifically for use in waters that are covered with ice all year round. They are more powerful than diesel ones. In the USSR, nuclear icebreakers were developed to provide navigation in the cold waters of the Arctic. A nuclear-powered icebreaker is needed to operate in the harshest conditions.
The history of icebreakers dates back to 1837 - the wooden icebreaker City Ice Boat No. 1" was built to clear ice in the harbor. Since then, icebreakers have appeared in Canada, USA, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, Germany, Poland. But only Russia has the opportunity to develop the Arctic Ocean, using the "peaceful atom".
The icebreaker performs a number of tasks: laying a channel for other vessels; towing large pieces of ice (clearing); rescue in conditions of ice captivity; elimination of ice barriers on routes; delivery of goods to places not accessible to other ships; providing scientific, industrial and military operations.
By design, ships are divided into 2 types: icebreakers and ice cutters. The first ones run over the ice from above and split it, pushing through with their weight, and the second ones cut the ice with a bow reinforced stem and push the formed wormwood apart.
Most often, the icebreaker has: barrel-shaped; double bottom; ice reinforcement along the waterline (to protect against abrasion on ice); icebreaking shape of the nose (turned up for collision with ice); M-shaped stern (for towing other vessels); heavy weight (as the main condition for breaking through the ice from above); diesel or nuclear power plant.
Sometimes it happens that an icebreaker, "crawling" onto the ice, can itself get stuck in ice floes. In this case, a unique engineering solution helps him: by draining water or pouring it into special tanks on the bow, stern and sides, the icebreaker begins to roll in different directions. Thus, there is an additional impact on the ice and the release of the ship's mobility. In river-type models, the vibration method is also used.
At the moment, six nuclear-powered icebreakers of Russia are conquering the ice of the planet:
1. 2 icebreakers of the Taimyr class: Taimyr and Vaigach (equipped with one nuclear reactor and shallow draft. They belong to river icebreakers.);
2. 4 icebreakers of the Arktika class: Rossiya, Yamal, Sovetsky Soyuz and 50 Years of Victory (have a double hull, two nuclear reactors, a landing pad for helicopters, break ice forward and backward, are designed for basin of the Arctic Ocean).
The service life of the icebreaker is about 20 years, approximately 100,000 hours. services. The icebreaker operates in high-risk conditions: the thickness of the ice in the Arctic Ocean reaches up to 2.5 m. In such conditions, the icebreaker makes up to 50 reverse maneuvers per hour. All mechanisms, in addition to regular wear, receive a powerful vibration load. For safe operation, it is important to prevent gaps, misalignments, misalignment, etc.
A nuclear reactor also has its own safe operation period. That is, it is important not to overdo it, overestimating the operational capabilities. For half a century of the existence of the Russian nuclear fleet, there has not been a single accident with the threat of environmental pollution by a nuclear reactor, and this is the merit of our specialists.
To extend the life of an icebreaker by 10 years, you need to incur costs equal to the construction of a new icebreaker, so an accurate calculation of costs is important in each individual case. In the entire history of the world's nuclear icebreaker fleet, 10 nuclear icebreakers have been built, and all of them are Russian.
The Russian government decided to build new icebreakers to replace the legendary ships - "veterans", since all of them have already worked out 100,000 hours. operating mode.
Thus, new nuclear-powered icebreakers will be launched: in 2017, in 2019, in 2020, replacing the existing ones one by one. The construction of nuclear icebreakers is carried out at the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg.
All this allows us to hope for the confident development of Rosatomflot for the benefit of the national interests of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region.
Icebreakers of the Lenin class. The Lenin was the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker. It was with him that the history of the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet began. In the stern of the icebreaker was located a helipad for ice reconnaissance. The icebreaker was built in the USSR, its function was to serve the Northern Sea Route.
The project of the nuclear-powered ship was developed at TsKB-15 (p / box 619) (now Iceberg) in 1953-1955 after the decision to build a nuclear icebreaker was made on November 20, 1953 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Chief designer - V.I. Neganov. The design of the nuclear plant was led by Igor Ivanovich Afrikantov. Academician A.P. Alexandrov. The Prometheus Institute specially developed steel grades AK-27 and AK-28 steel grades for making icebreaker hulls.
During the design, problems arose due to novelty. Therefore, we decided to create a model of the engine room from wood. It worked out the layout solutions of designers, which significantly reduced the cost of design and construction.
The ship was laid down on August 25, 1956 at the shipyard named after. A. Marty in Leningrad. Chief builder - V.I. Chervyakov.
Launched on December 5, 1957 . The installation of a nuclear power plant was carried out in 1958-1959. On August 6, 1959, the physical launch of a nuclear reactor was carried out. September 12, 1959 was sent for the first sea trials under the command of P.A. Ponomarev. On December 3, 1959, the icebreaker was handed over to the Ministry of the Navy. Since 1960, part of the Murmansk Shipping Company. During construction and testing, many delegations and representatives from around the world visited the nuclear-powered ship.
The nuclear water-to-water type steam generating plant was located in the central part of the ship. It produced steam for 4 main turbogenerators, which in turn fed 3 propeller motors with direct current, the latter powered 3 propellers (2 onboard and 1 medium) of the design. The vessel also had 2 autonomous auxiliary power plants. Management of mechanisms, devices and systems was carried out remotely. On November 4, 1961, B. M. Sokolov became the captain of the icebreaker.
Initially, three reactors of the OK-150 type were installed on the icebreaker. In 1967, they were replaced by OK-900 reactors due to low maintainability, as a result of which it was not possible to eliminate the leak in the primary circuit. The old reactor plant was disposed of by flooding after the fuel was unloaded. The installation of the new plant was completed in 1970.
Due to the high power of the power plant and high autonomy, the icebreaker showed excellent performance already in the first navigation. The use of a nuclear icebreaker made it possible to significantly extend the period of navigation. The icebreaker, which has good ice-breaking capability, covered about 654 thousand miles during the entire period of operation, of which 563.6 thousand miles were in ice.
In June 1971, the Lenin icebreaker was the first among surface vessels to pass north of Severnaya Zemlya. The flight started in Murmansk and ended in Pevek. Thus, the expedition of the icebreaker Arktika to the North Pole was prepared in 1977.
The icebreaker "Lenin" served 32 years and in 1989 was decommissioned and put on eternal parking in Murmansk. Now there is a museum on the icebreaker, in which work is regularly carried out to expand the exposition.
Icebreakers of the Arktika class. Icebreakers of the Arktika class form the basis of the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet: 6 out of 10 nuclear icebreakers belong to this class. Since they were built over 30 years, there are some differences between them. As a rule, updated icebreakers are faster, more powerful and require fewer crew members to operate.
A feature of the icebreakers of this class was the presence of a double hull. the thickness of the outer hull in places of ice breaking is 48 mm, in other places - 25 mm. Between the hulls there are water ballast tanks, which are needed to change the trim in difficult ice conditions. Some boats are coated with a special polymer to reduce friction. A distinctive feature of icebreakers of this class is that they have the ability to break ice while moving both forward and backward. These ships are designed to operate in the cold Arctic waters. The work of a nuclear installation in warm seas is difficult. Therefore, crossing the tropics during the operation of the icebreaker off the coast of Antarctica is not among their tasks. As a rule, only one of the ship's two reactors is enough to provide power to the ship, but both are used during navigation.
All Arktika-class icebreakers are capable of carrying two helicopters, which are needed for complex flights or tourist cruises.
The project takes into account the possibility of converting the icebreaker into an auxiliary battle cruiser. For this, special equipment is provided, which is partially located on board the icebreaker and in warehouses.
Nuclear-powered icebreakers of the Arktika class are used to transport cargo and other vessels along the Northern Sea Route.
Icebreaker "Arktika" (project 10520). Nuclear-powered icebreakers are often used for scientific purposes. In 1977, the Arktika icebreaker became the first surface vessel to reach the North Pole. Since 1989, some nuclear-powered icebreakers have been used for tourist excursions, mainly to the North Pole. The nuclear icebreaker Arktika was commissioned in 1975.
The Arktika was considered the largest of all existing at that time: its width was 30 meters, its length was 148 meters, and the height of the vessel was more than 17 meters. The ship provided all the necessary conditions for accommodating the summer crew. The Arktika was able to break through ice five meters thick, and at the same time move at a speed of 18 knots. An obvious distinguishing mark was the unusual color of the vessel (bright red), which personified the new nautical era.
In 2008, the icebreaker "Arktika" made the last trip, in 2011 it was put into "cold" sludge awaiting disposal.
Icebreaker "Siberia". The nuclear icebreaker "Siberia" became the second Soviet nuclear icebreaker in the "Arktika" class. Built at the Baltic Shipyard. Sergo Ordzhonikidze in Leningrad. Accepted into service on December 28, 1977. The first captain of the icebreaker was V.K. Kochetkov.
It is the third icebreaker in the world in which a nuclear power unit was used. The second surface vessel in the history of the Arctic navigation, which reached the North Pole of the Earth.
In the spring of 1978, the nuclear-powered icebreaker Sibir and the icebreaker Kapitan Sorokin carried out year-round navigation along the Murmansk-Dudinka route for the first time. Nine years later, on May 25, 1987, the Sibir icebreaker reached the geographic point of the North Pole.
The icebreaker Sibir was decommissioned in 1992, as a large number of leaky sections of steam generators were discovered and the impossibility of operating reactor plant No. 2 without replacing the internal steam generators. The cores were unloaded from reactors No. 1 and No. 2 in November 1995 and January 1996, respectively, while the operating time of reactors No. 1 and No. 2 at the time of decommissioning was below the standard.
In 1993, the anti-terrorist exercises Blockade of the Vympel group were carried out on board the Sibir, and the skills of freeing a nuclear icebreaker captured by terrorists were practiced.
Dismantlement of the nuclear icebreaker is already underway and is planned to be completed by the end of 2017. Now the icebreaker is in cold sludge and is fully prepared for cutting: dock repairs have been carried out, waste and nuclear fuel have been removed from the ship, and the bottom has been sealed.
Icebreaker "Russia". The nuclear icebreaker "Russia" is a Russian nuclear icebreaker of the "Arktika" type, laid down on February 20, 1981 at the Baltic Shipyard named after. Sergo Ordzhonikidze in Leningrad, launched on November 2, 1983, commissioned on December 21, 1985, became the fourth nuclear-powered icebreaker in the world.
Built in the Soviet Union, the ship, like its predecessors, was intended for operation in the Arctic Ocean. The ship can independently pass the tropics to work in the Antarctic, but then when crossing the tropics, the temperature in some rooms can rise above 50 ° C, which in turn can be dangerous for some of the ship's mechanisms. Also, it is necessary to reduce the power of the installation to a minimum. In 1990, for the first time in the history of Arctic travel, a cruise flight of foreign tourists to the North Pole was made. In 2007, he ensured the study of the Russian continental shelf at the North Pole using the Mir deep-sea submersibles aboard the vessel Akademik Fedorov.
On September 17, 2011, the nuclear-powered ship set off from Murmansk to the North Pole with members of the Arktika-2011 expedition on board. In March-April 2012 and February-April 2013, the icebreaker worked in the Gulf of Finland and provided tanker escort to the port of Primorsk.
Rossiya was withdrawn from the fleet in 2013 due to the lack of nuclear fuel for the next campaign and the refusal to extend the reactor's engine life. The captains of "Russia" were Anatoly Alekseevich Lamekhov (1984-2009), Valentin Sergeevich Davydyants, Alexander Mikhailovich Spirin (March 22 - September 10, 2000, February 13, 2006 - October 1, 2013), Oleg Mikhailovich Shchapin (2007 - present).
Currently, the icebreaker is laid up and the process of unloading spent fuel has begun. Dismantlement of the icebreaker is scheduled for 2015, together with the nuclear icebreakers Arktika and Sibir.
Icebreaker Sovetsky Soyuz. The Sovetsky Soyuz icebreaker is a Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker of the Arktika class, was built at the Baltic Shipyard in Leningrad. Launched on October 31, 1986, commissioned in 1989. The icebreaker belonged to the Murmansk Shipping Company and was used by them. The icebreaker was designed in such a way that, having retrofitted it in a short period of time, it would serve as a warship. Some of this equipment was in a mothballed state on board, and some was in warehouses ashore.
In 1991, 1992, 1997 and 1998, the "Soviet Union" served for tourism in the Arctic. In the period from July 27 to August 16, 1991, 5 automatic meteorological ice stations (No. 20, 21, 23, 18, 26) and one American meteorological buoy No. I.D. 7058 were installed on drifting ice from its side. Installation methods - carrying stations from the icebreaker to the selected ice floe or delivery of stations to the drifting ice floe by the icebreaker's helicopter.
During the transpolar cruise on August 23, 1992, under the command of the captain of the nuclear-powered ship "Soviet Union" A.G. Gorshkovsky in the parking lot at the North Pole, on the flagpole of the ship, the Andreevsky flag and the flag of the city of St. Petersburg were raised in honor of Russian navigators and shipbuilders of the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg.
In March 2002, while moored at the pier in Murmansk, an experiment was conducted, the power plant of the icebreaker was used to supply coastal facilities (for the first time). At the same time, the power of the installation reached 50 MW. Everything went well, but later this experiment was recognized as unprofitable.
In 2004, he was one of three icebreakers participating in research on the effects of global warming in the Arctic.
In 2007-2008, the Baltic Shipyard supplied equipment for the Sovetsky Soyuz icebreaker, which makes it possible to extend the life of the vessel.
Currently, the icebreaker is planned to be restored. As Vyacheslav Ruksha, Director General of Rosatomflot, stated in August 2014, “we are extending the service life of the Sovetsky Soyuz icebreaker and will restore it by 2017.”
Icebreaker Yamal. The nuclear icebreaker Yamal was laid down in 1986 and launched in 1989. Operated since 1993. Designed to overcome even ice 2.5-2.9 meters thick with a steady speed of 1-2 knots.
The ship has a double hull made of AK-28 steel. In places of contact between the outer hull and ice, it has a belt 5 meters high and 46 mm thick, in other places the thickness of the outer hull reaches 30 mm. The body is covered with a layer of 0.5 mm of special paint to reduce friction. Between the outer and inner hulls there is a water ballast that moves to maintain the ship's stability. The ship's hull consists of 8 watertight compartments, in the center there is a five-level superstructure. Pneumatic washing is used to protect the body from freezing. The Yamal icebreaker became the first icebreaker to reach the Pole of Inaccessibility in 1996 voyages (07/29/1996 and 08/12/1996).
The ship can break through the ice, moving both forward and backward. With a propeller weight of 50 tons, it has the ability to reverse the engine in just 11 seconds (changing the direction of rotation from full turns in one direction to full turns in the other).
The ship is able to independently pass the tropics for work in the Antarctic, but then when crossing the tropics, the temperature in some rooms can rise above 50, which can be fatal for some of the ship's mechanisms. You also need to reduce the power of the installation to a minimum.
The stylized image of a shark's mouth on the nose of an icebreaker appeared in 1994 as a design element for a children's cruise, then left at the request of travel companies and eventually became traditional. The vessel carries one Mi-8T helicopter and several Zodiac-class boats. The ship has 155 cabins for the crew.
On December 23, 1996, a fire broke out on the ship, as a result of which a member of the crew died. Nuclear reactors were not damaged, the fire was extinguished within 30 minutes.
In 2000, the icebreaker made an expedition to the North Pole to meet the third millennium. Icebreaker Yamal is the seventh ship to reach the North Pole. In total, he made 46 flights to the North Pole.
On March 16, 2009, in the Yenisei Bay of the Kara Sea, during ice escort, the Yamal collided with the Indiga tanker. In this case, the impact on the main deck of the tanker caused a crack 9.5 m long with an opening of up to 8 mm. The tanker was in ballast, there was no environmental pollution. After the incident, the tanker was escorted by Yamal to Severodvinsk for repairs.
A little later, the Yamal icebreaker demonstrated its rescue functions in practice. In September 2009, the nuclear-powered ship evacuated a group of archaeologists from Ledyanaya Gavan Bay of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, who gave a distress signal. The tenth Novaya Zemlya archaeological expedition studied the site of the Dutch expedition of Willem Barents in 1596.
Icebreaker "50 Years of Victory". The nuclear-powered icebreaker "50 Years of Victory" is a nuclear-powered icebreaker, made according to project 10521, today is the largest in the world. The last nuclear-powered ship belonging to the class "Arktika". Its construction was carried out at the Baltic Shipyard in Leningrad (later in St. Petersburg). It was laid down on October 4, 1989 under the name "Ural" and launched on December 29, 1993. Further construction was suspended due to lack of funds. In 2003, construction resumed, and on February 1, 2007, the icebreaker was launched into the Gulf of Finland for sea trials, which lasted two weeks. The flag was raised on March 23, 2007, and on April 11 the icebreaker arrived at its permanent home port of Murmansk. On July 30, 2013, the icebreaker reached the North Pole for the hundredth time.
The estimated maximum ice thickness that the icebreaker must overcome is 2.8 m (actually 2.25 m).
The vessel has a spoon-shaped bow, which has previously proven its effectiveness in operation. The icebreaker is equipped with a new generation digital automatic control system. The icebreaker "50 let Pobedy" differs from the rest in that it has an ecological compartment equipped with the latest equipment for the collection and disposal of all the ship's waste products.
In 2014, the icebreaker 50 Let Pobedy took part in the transfer of the Sochi 2014 Olympic torch relay.
Icebreakers of the Taimyr class. Two nuclear-powered icebreakers, "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" (named after the research vessels of the Russian Imperial Navy of the same name). They are equipped with one reactor and have a smaller draft, so they can be used in estuaries. One of the main tasks of the ship is to escort ships transporting metal from Norilsk and ships with timber and ore from Igarka to Dikson. These nuclear-powered icebreakers can be used as fire ships.
Nuclear icebreaker "Taimyr" It has its name in honor of the icebreaking ship of the early 20th century Taimyr.
The hull of the icebreaker was built in the late 1980s in Finland at the Wärtsilä shipyard (Wärtsilä Marine Engineering) in Helsinki by order of the Soviet Union. But the equipment (power plant based on the KLT-40M reactor, etc.) was installed on the ship by the Soviet, while Soviet-made steel was used. The installation of nuclear equipment was carried out in the city of Leningrad, where the icebreaker's hull was delivered in 1988 from Finland. This installation is capable of developing a power of 50 thousand hp. and allows the icebreaker to overcome ice 2 meters thick. With an ice thickness of 1.77 meters, the speed of the icebreaker is 2 knots. The icebreaker can operate at temperatures down to −50°C.
The construction of Taimyr was an important milestone in the history of cooperation between Finland and the USSR.
Nuclear icebreaker "Vaigach". The Vaigach nuclear icebreaker is a shallow-draft Taimyr-class nuclear icebreaker (Project 10580).
A distinctive feature of this icebreaker project is its reduced draft, which makes it possible to serve vessels with entry into the mouths of Siberian rivers. Named after the icebreaking vessel of the early 20th century Vaygach. Laid down at the shipyard "Holstrem Histalahti" of the concern "Vartsilya Marine Technics" in Helsinki (Finland).
In 1989, the icebreaker was towed to the USSR and was being completed there, in Leningrad. The installation of a nuclear power plant based on the KLT-40M reactor was carried out at the plant. Entered service on July 25, 1990.
The main engines of the icebreaker develop a power of 50,000 hp. and what allows the icebreaker to overcome the ice with a thickness of 1.77 meters at a speed of 2 knots. The icebreaker can operate at temperatures down to −50°C. Estimated water temperature −2˚С…+10˚С (+23˚С with limited power).
Icebreakers of the LK-60Ya class. Icebreakers of the LK-60Ya class (project 22220) are a new type of Russian nuclear-powered icebreakers. The name stands for Icebreaker, with a capacity of 60 MW, with a nuclear power plant.
Nuclear icebreaker "Arktika" (Fig. 10), belonging to the type LK-60Ya (project 22220). It is the lead ship of the project. It was laid down on November 5, 2013. It was launched on June 16, 2016, the lead icebreaker was commissioned in December 2017. Commissioning of the first LK-60Ya-class icebreaker is planned for 2018. The icebreaker is designed to overcome flat ice 2.8-2.9 meters thick at a steady speed. The ship receives all its energy from a nuclear steam generating plant. The vessel is powered by three fixed-pitch four-blade propellers.
A new class of universal two-draught (draft changes during operation) nuclear-powered icebreakers is intended to replace the icebreakers of the Arktika and Taimyr classes as they are decommissioned due to resource exhaustion. Thanks to the use of variable draft, the icebreakers of this project are able to operate both in deep water and in shallow water in the channels of Siberian rivers, which will allow replacing one Arktika-class and one Taimyr-class icebreaker at the same time.
The development of the icebreaker has been carried out since the 2000s on the basis of data obtained during the operation of icebreakers of the Arktika and Taimyr types and with the use of mathematical and natural modeling of the behavior of an icebreaker used in various ice conditions. The purpose of the development is: creation of such an icebreaker that can be used both in deep waters and in riverbeds; increase in ice penetration from 2.25 m (“Arctic”) to at least 2.6 m (actually 2.8–2.9 m was achieved); increasing the reliability and safety of operation, including a nuclear power plant; reduction in overall operating costs.
Icebreakers of the LK-110Ya class. Icebreakers of the LK-110YA type (Icebreaker Leader) are a new type of Russian nuclear-powered icebreakers. The name stands for "icebreaker, with a capacity of 110 MW (on the shaft), with a nuclear power plant."
The class of nuclear-powered icebreakers being designed is intended to provide year-round navigation along the Northern Sea Route. Thanks to the increased width, the passage of large-tonnage cargo ships will be ensured. Currently, the development of design documentation is underway. Completion is expected by 2016. The ship receives all its energy from a nuclear steam generating plant. The vessel is powered by four four-bladed fixed-pitch propellers.
At the same time, it is expected that in the most difficult months for piloting (February to May), the average speed of piloting ships will increase to 12 knots, compared with 6 knots when using icebreakers of the Arktika type. The icebreaker is being developed by: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Krylov State Research Center"; OKBM them. I. I. Afrikantova - development of a nuclear reactor; Central Design Bureau "Iceberg". Requirements for an icebreaker:
- the maximum thickness of ice overcome by a universal nuclear icebreaker in continuous motion with a minimum stable speed of 1.5-2 knots, not less than 4 m;
- autonomy of the vessel in terms of provisions will be 8 months;
- the number of crew will be 60-70 people;
- the service life will be calculated for 40 years.
Conclusion
Summing up all of the above, we can conclude that Russia is a country that has no competitors in the use of "peaceful atom". For over 60 years, it has been the only country that has its own nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet, and is not going to give up its position.
Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power. Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
Comparison of nuclear-powered icebreakers is carried out by class and is listed in Table 2. The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as length, width and height of the side, vessel draft and displacement according to minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
The above analysis takes into account such characteristics as the length, width and height of the side, draft of the vessel and displacement at minimum draft; the speed that the icebreaker develops in clear water; icebreaking. Also, no less important characteristic is the number of propellers, turbines and reactors, their power.
In 2008, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Atomflot became part of the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation On Measures to Establish the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom. Since August 28, 2008, ships with a nuclear power plant and nuclear technology service ships have been transferred to it.
Today, the main work of Rosatomflot is related to ensuring the safety of navigation and stable navigation, including transit, along the Northern Sea Route. Transportation of hydrocarbon and other products to the markets of Asia and Europe along the NSR can serve as a real alternative to the existing transport links between the countries of the Atlantic and Pacific basins through the Suez and Panama canals. It provides a gain in time: for example, the distance from the port of Murmansk to the ports of Japan through the Northern Sea Route is about 6 thousand miles, and through the Suez Canal - more than 12 thousand miles.
According to the long-term strategy of the enterprise, the further development of Rosatomflot is associated with ensuring a stable level of reliability, safety and efficiency of fleet operation, based on the professional use of modern technologies, achieved through the high qualification of personnel undergoing regular training and retraining, improving the management system that meets domestic and international standards .
Today, when the interests of many countries of the world are connected with the development of hydrocarbon raw materials on the shelf and in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the transport capabilities of the Northern Sea Route, it's time to listen to the words of D.I. there are so many shores of the Arctic Ocean that our country is justly considered to lie on the shores of this ocean. My personal wishes in this regard are to ensure that we try to use this as fully and quickly as possible. Therefore, the nuclear icebreaker fleet of Russia has been, is and will be one of the main advantages of our country.